Epistaxis - Horse

• Horse:
  • Nasal aspergillosis
  • Ethmoidal haematoma = 'Haemorrhagic nasal polyp', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.
    • Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
  • Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage
  • Rupture of rectus capitus - profuse haemorrhage
  • Mycotic infection of guttural pouches
  • Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
  • Nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body
  • Sinus neoplasia
  • Sinus cyst
  • Sinusitis
  • Lower airway disease
  • Pulmonary neoplasia
  • Cardiac
    • Mitral insufficiency
    • Atrial fibrillation
  • Skeletal
    • Head trauma
  • Rarely hypertension or vascular aneurysms