Aldosterone
Introduction
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone which is secreted from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. It has a mineralocorticoid activity and is the most important regulator of plasma potassium. When plasma potassium increases, increased stimulation of aldosterone occurs directly and also as a result of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). Aldosterone is also the most important regulator of sodium excretion.
Release
The release of aldosterone is stimulated by 3 things;
1. Corticotropin (ACTH)
2. Angiotensin 2
3. K+
The release of aldosterone is inhibited by Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP).
Most increases in the concentration of aldosterone can be explained by increases in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and therefore, angiotensin 2 and/or by increases in K+ concentration. ACTH only significantly stimulates the release of aldosterone during severe fluid loss. ANP is secreted in response to sodium/water loading and therefore inhibits aldosterone secretion.
Action
Aldosterone diffuses across the cell membrane of the principal cells of the distal tubule and the collecting duct. It binds to cytoplasmic receptors and works by altering the gene transcription and increasing the synthesis of proteins. It also affects ATP levels.
Sodium
Aldosterone affects sodium entry and transport. It increases the number of apical sodium channels, NaCl co-transporters and Na+K+ATPase. It also increases the activity of the hydrogen sodium exchanger in the apical membrane and increases membrane permeability and the sodium pump activity. When sodium is reabsorbed, water follows it so the volume of the plasma is altered rather than the concentration of the sodium changing. I.e. angiotensin 2 and aldosterone affect sodium, but they also affect the extra cellular fluid (ECF) volume, so only the quantity is affected, not the concentration.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the thirst response also work together to dilute the ECF if the concentrations of sodium is high. So although there is more NaCl, the actual concentration is not really changed. If there was no secretion of aldosterone, a 20kg dog would excrete 15g per 24 hours. At maximal secretion, no significant amount of sodium would be excreted.
Potassium
Increased Na+ / K+ ATPase pump activity, increases the amount of K+ influx into cells to reduce plasma K+. Potassium is generally not excreted. However, if plasma K+ is still, high aldosterone is stimulated. This causes potassium secretion and stimulates Na+ / K+ ATPases in the basolateral membrane of the principal cells. This results in increased potassium in the cells. Potassium then leaves via the apical leak channels , thanks to the electro-chemical gradient. This is a very tightly regulated system and allows large increase in K+ to have a miniscule effect on plasma K+.
Hydrogen
Aldosterone increases hydrogen secretion, by increasing Hydrogen ATPases in the apical membrane of the intercalated cells and by increasing the sodium hydrogen exchanger in the apical membrane of the principal cells.
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Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney |
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