Innate Immunology Quiz

Questions reviewed by:

Dr Sabine Tötemeyer, DiplBiol PhD FHEA Lecturer in Cellular Microbiology

1

A macrophage is a tissue based version of which other cell?

2

Which cell is most abundant at the site of inflammation 4-6 hours after the onset of an inflammatory reaction?

	Eosinophil
	Mast cell
	Macrophage
	Neutrophil
	Basophil
Please select an option Incorrect. Eosinophils will be present but they will not be the most abundant cell. Neutrophils are most abundant 4-6 hours after an inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Mast cells within the surrounding tissue will be present but they will not be the most abundant. Neutrophils are most abundant 4-6 hours after an inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Macrophages will be present but they will not be the most abundant cell. Macrophages become more abundant later in the inflammatory process. Neutrophils are most abundant 4-6 hours after an inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! Neutrophils are most abundant 4-6 hours after an inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Basophils will be present but they will not be the most abundant cell. Neutrophils are most abundant 4-6 hours after an inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

3

Dendritic cells require which interleukin for development?

4

Which type of leukocyte represents up to 50% of circulating leukocytes in the blood of a healthy dog?

	Lymphocytes
	Basophils
	Eosinophils
	Monocytes
	Neutrophils
Please select an option Incorrect. In circulation, lymphocytes represent only 16 – 35% of leukocytes. Neutrophils represent 50% of circulating leukocytes. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. In circulation, basophils represent only 0.01 – 0.3% of leukocytes. Neutrophils represent 50% of circulating leukocytes.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. In circulation, eosinophils represent only 1 – 6% of leukocytes. Neutrophils represent 50% of circulating leukocytes.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. In circulation, [[monocytes]] represent only 3.5 – 9% of leukocytes. Neutrophils represent 50% of circulating leukocytes. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! Neutrophils represent 50% of circulating leukocytes. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

5

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in tissue?

6

In which tissue of the healthy animal are neutrophils the most abundant?

	Bone marrow
	Spleen
	Blood
	Lymph Nodes
	Liver
Please select an option Correct! Neutrophils are most abundant in bone marrow, up to five times more than elsewhere. WikiVet Article: Bone marrow Incorrect. Although the spleen does hold significant quantities of all types of blood cells, neutrophils are most abundant in bone marrow, up to five times more than elsewhere.WikiVet Article: Bone marrow Incorrect. Although neutrophils make up 50% of circulating leukocytes, neutrophils are most abundant in bone marrow, up to five times more than elsewhere. WikiVet Article: Bone marrow Incorrect. Neutrophils comprise less than 5% of the cell population in lymph nodes of a healthy animal. They are most abundant in bone marrow, up to five times more than elsewhere. WikiVet Article: Bone marrow Incorrect. The liver filters blood and therefore does not have a large population of neutrophils in the healthy animal. Neutrophils are most abundant in bone marrow, up to five times more than elsewhere. WikiVet Article: Bone marrow

7

What type of organism do neutrophils usually protect against?

	Protozoa
	Fungi
	Bacteria
	Viruses
	Parasites
Please select an option Incorrect. Most protozoal infections are dealt with by lymphocytes. Neutrophils are phagocytic and protect against bacterial infections.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Most fungal infections are dealt with via a multi cellular immune approach. Neutrophils are phagocytic and protect against bacterial infections. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! Neutrophils are phagocytic and protect against bacterial infections.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Cells infected with viral nucleic acid are not usually phagocytosed by neutrophils and are usually neutralised by lymphocytes and other phagocytic leukocytes. Neutrophils are phagocytic and protect against bacterial infections.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Eosinophils are adapted to deal with parasitic infections. Neutrophils are phagocytic and protect against bacterial infections. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

8

What does a neutrophil form around the target cell?

	Capsid
	Phagosome
	Tonoplast
	Lysosome
	Vacuole
Please select an option Incorrect. A capsid is the protein shell that is found in virus capsules. The protein shell helps protect the nucleic material. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells and form phagosomes around target cells such as bacteria. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! Neutrophils are phagocytic cells and form phagosomes around target cells such as bacteria. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. A tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds a vacuole and is not formed around a target cell. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells and form phagosomes around target cells such as bacteria. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Lysosomes are small pockets of reactive molecules such as peroxides that fuse with phagosomes and form the phagolysosome to enable destruction of phagocytosed organisms and are not formed around target cells. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells and form phagosomes around target cells such as bacteria. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. A vacuole stores recycled material or debris protecting the cytoplasm of the cell and is not formed around target cells. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells and form phagosomes around target cells such as bacteria. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

9

During the process of phagocytosis, which structure in the cytoplasm of a neutrophil degrades foreign material?

	Centriole
	Ribosome
	Lysosome
	Vacuole
	Golgi apparatus
Please select an option Incorrect. Centrioles form mitotic spindles to facilitate mitosis and do not play a role in the breakdown of phagocytosed cells. The correct answer is lysosomes, which contain enzymes and reactive oxygen species that degrade all surrounding structures. Once a neutrophil has phagocytosed the target cell, lysosomes are released. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Ribosomes facilitate the production of proteins from RNA and are not directly involved in phagocytosis. The correct answer is lysosomes, which contain enzymes and reactive oxygen species that degrade all surrounding structures. Once a neutrophil has phagocytosed the target cell, lysosomes are released. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! Lysosomes are small pockets of reactive molecules such as peroxides and enzymes. They fuse with phagosomes and form the phagolysosome to enable destruction of phagocytosed organisms. Once a neutrophil has phagocytosed the target cell, lysosomes are released. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. A vacuole stores recycled material or debris protecting the cytoplasm of the cell and are not used directly to breakdown target cells. The correct answer is lysosomes, which contain enzymes and reactive oxygen species that degrade all surrounding structures. Once a neutrophil has phagocytosed the target cell, lysosomes are released. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Golgi apparatus are involved in providing membranes for structures such as lysosomes and vacuoles. The correct answer is lysosomes, which contain enzymes and reactive oxygen species that degrade all surrounding structures. Once a neutrophil has phagocytosed the target cell, lysosomes are released. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

10

Which interleukin is a chemoattractant for neutrophils?

	IL-2
	IL-4
	IL-6
	IL-12
	IL-9
Please select an option Incorrect. IL-2 binds to lymphocytes rather than neutrophils. IL-6 together with IL-8 act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. IL-4 stimulates the maturation of T helper cells. IL-6 together with IL-8 act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! IL-6 together with IL-8 act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. IL-12 is produced by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-6 together with IL-8 act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. IL-9 binds to mature T helper cells, not neutrophils. IL-6 together with IL-8 act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

11

Which granule found in basophils is able to cause vasodilation?

	Heparin
	Defensins
	Histamine
	Hydrolase
	Myeloperoxidase
Please select an option Incorrect. Heparin is a granule found in basophils and when released has anticoagulant properties. Histamine is a granule found in basophils that can cause vasodilation is released. It is part of the reason why infection is always associated with swelling. Histamine helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the site of infection. WikiVet Article: Basophils Defensins are not a granule found in basophils but are found in neutrophils as a primary granule. Histamine is a granule found in basophils that can cause vasodilation is released. It is part of the reason why infection is always associated with swelling. Histamine helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the site of infection. WikiVet Article: Basophils Correct! Histamine is a granule found in basophils that can cause vasodilation is released. It is part of the reason why infection is always associated with swelling. Histamine helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the site of infection. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Hydrolase is not a granule found in basophils but is found in neutrophils as a primary granule. Histamine is a granule found in basophils that can cause vasodilation is released. It is part of the reason why infection is always associated with swelling. Histamine helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the site of infection. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Myeloperoxidase is not a granule found in basophils but is found in neutrophils as a primary granule. Histamine is a granule found in basophils that can cause vasodilation is released. It is part of the reason why infection is always associated with swelling. Histamine helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the site of infection. WikiVet Article: Basophils

12

Which of the following tissues are eosinophils mostly associated with in the healthy animal?

	Respiratory tissues
	Neuronal tissues
	Skin epithelial tissues
	Muscle tissues
	Circulatory tissues
Please select an option Correct! Eosinophils are mainly associated with connective tissue found in respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital systems. WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Eosinophils are mainly associated with connective tissue found in respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital systems WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Eosinophils are mainly associated with connective tissue found in respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital systems WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Eosinophils are not associated with muscles tissues, but are mainly associated with connective tissue found in respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital systems WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Eosinophils are mainly associated with connective tissue found in respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital systems WikiVet Article: Eosinophils

13

Which type of hypersensitivity are eosinophils associated with?

	Type I
	Type II
	Type III
	Type IV
	Type V
Please select an option Correct! Eosinophils are associated with allergies and these are Type I hypersensitivities. These are immediate sensitivities and are mediated by the immunoglobulin IgE. WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Type II hypersensitivities are cytoxic antibody dependent and are mediated by immunoglobulins IgG or IgM. Eosinophils are associated with allergies and these are Type I hypersensitivities. These are immediate sensitivities and are mediated by the immunoglobulin IgE. WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Type III hypersensitivities are immune complex derived and mediated by immunoglobulin IgG. Eosinophils are associated with allergies and these are Type I hypersensitivities. These are immediate sensitivities and are mediated by the immunoglobulin IgE. WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Type IV hypersensitivities are delayed type hypersensitivities and are either antibody or immune cell mediated. Eosinophils are associated with allergies and these are Type I hypersensitivities. These are immediate sensitivities and are mediated by the immunoglobulin IgE. WikiVet Article: Eosinophils Incorrect. Type V hypersensitivities are auto immune diseases and are mediated by either IgG or IgM. Eosinophils are associated with allergies and these are Type I hypersensitivities. These are immediate sensitivities and are mediated by the immunoglobulin IgE. WikiVet Article: Eosinophils

14

Which cell types are predominant at the site of tissue damage 24 hours after the onset of inflammation?

	Macrophages and neutrophils
	Lymphocytes and macrophages
	Mast cells and macrophages
	Basophils and neutrophils
	Lymphocytes and neutrophils
Please select an option Correct! At 24 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction neutrophils and macrophages are the predominant cell types. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Lymphocytes will be present but at 24 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction neutrophils and macrophages are the predominant cell types. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Mast cells will be present but at 24 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction neutrophils and macrophages are the predominant cell types. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Basophils will be present but at 24 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction neutrophils and macrophages are the predominant cell types. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Lymphocytes will be present but at 24 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction neutrophils and macrophages are the predominant cell types.. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

15

What is often clearly visible under light microscopy of macrophage cytoplasm stained with haematoxylin & eosin (H&E) ?

	Vacuoles
	Mitochondria
	Cytoskeleton
	Ribosomes
	Golgi apparatus
Please select an option Correct! Vacuoles are often clearly visible within macrophage cytoplasm. When a macrophage phagocytoses target cells, debris and reactive compounds are stored in vacuoles and phagosomes until they are broken down by lysosomes. [[Macrophages\|WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. Mitochondria are not visible under a light microscope. Vacuoles are often clearly visible within macrophage cytoplasm. When a macrophage phagocytoses target cells, debris and reactive compounds are stored in vacuoles and phagosomes until they are broken down by lysosomes. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. The cytoskeleton of a cell is not visible under a light microscope. Vacuoles are often clearly visible within macrophage cytoplasm. When a macrophage phagocytoses target cells, debris and reactive compounds are stored in vacuoles and phagosomes until they are broken down by lysosomes. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. The Golgi apparatus is not visible under a light microscope. Vacuoles are often clearly visible within macrophage cytoplasm. When a macrophage phagocytoses target cells, debris and reactive compounds are stored in vacuoles and phagosomes until they are broken down by lysosomes. WikiVet Article: Macrophage