Difference between revisions of "Category:Gastric Ulceration"

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(Created page with 'Gastric Ulceration - all species ====Cattle==== * Management-related in young calves and dairy cows. * May also be caused by infectious agents, e.g. [[Bovine Viral Diarrh…')
 
 
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[[Gastric Ulceration - all species]]
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====Cattle====
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* Management-related in young calves and dairy cows.
 
* May also be caused by infectious agents, e.g. [[Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus|mucosal disease/ bovine viral diarrhoea virus]].
 
* Ulcers have a tendency to bleed and perforate.
 
 
 
====Horse====
 
 
 
* Affects the pars oesophagea (margo plicatus) in adults and foals.
 
* Due to '''parasites''' - ''Gasterophilus'' (Bots).
 
* Bots are not as common as they once were.
 
* Look like big pink maggots.
 
* Killed by Ivermectin. 
 
* ''Gasterophilus'' leave large ulcers in glandular regions of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
 
** Ulcers / erosions are quite deep.
 
* The parasites are believed to be non-pathogenic, but in large numbers they probably produce some discomfort and poor growth.
 
* Carcinoma can also produce ulceration in the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] of the horse as, in other species.
 
 
 
* In foals, the glandular area may sometimes be affected.
 
** This may be e.g. stress-related, or due to used of NSAIDs.
 
 
 
====Dog====
 
 
 
* Although ulcers are often secondary to other diseases, primary idiopathic peptic ulcers do occur, due to
 
** Hyperacidity
 
** Gastric carcinoma in older dog
 
 
 
 
 
* Secondary ulcers are often associated with systemic diseases particularly '''uraemia''' and '''mast cell tumours'''. Gastric ulcer may be the cause of death but is not the primary disease. 
 
*# '''Mast cell tumours'''
 
*#*Boxers and Labradors are predisposed to these.
 
*#* Vomit continually together with abdominal pain.
 
*#* Ulcers are usually near the duodenum.
 
*#** Frequently secondarily infected.
 
*#** Often penetrate deeply.
 
*#* Actively secreting mast cell tumours produce histame, leasing to gastric hyperacidity and therefore secondary peptic ulcers.
 
*# '''Uraemia'''
 
*#* Gastric lesions usually occur with chronic renal disease.
 
*#** Gastrin is produced by the G cells of the gastric antrum during the gastric phase of digestion .
 
*#*** Acts on H2 receptors on parietal cells to increase production of HCl.
 
*#*** Increases release of histamine from gastric mucosal mast cells to increase HCl release.
 
*#** Serum levels of gastrin are increased in chronic renal disease in dogs and cats.
 
*#* In acute renal failure death ensues before gastric ulceration develops.
 
*#* '''Pathogenesis'''
 
*#** Loss of nephron and medullary concentration gradient in chronic interstitial nephritis mean collecting ducts cannot resorb fluid.
 
*#*** A common cause of interstitial nephritis in the dog was leptospirosis.
 
*#** Consequently, the animal drinks and urinates in enormous quantities, and urea is washed out with large quantities of fluid ("compensated renal failure").
 
*#** If fluid is restricted,  urea cannot be washed out and the animal becomes uraemic.
 
*#*** Urea is excreted into [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], giving it a horrible ammoniacal smell and filling it with brown smelly liquid.
 
*#*** Urea is also excreted into the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].
 
*#** Urea in the stomach breaks down to ammonia, irritating the mucosa and contributing to gastric ulcer.
 
*#** Uraemia also causes arteriolar degeneration in the submucosa, leading to hypoxic damage to the mucosa. This is another contributing factor to gastric ulcer.
 
*#** [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] causes dehydration and further raises blood urea.
 
*#*** A vicious circle is produced-  ends in death by [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]], dehydration and shock.
 
*#** '''Note:''' If an animal in compensated renal failure is given anaesthetic, it will not drink much. It then may start to [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomit]] and die due to uraemia.
 
 
 
 
 
* NSAIDs, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (due to pancreatic gastrin-secreting tumour), cirrhosis and bile reflux can all also cause gastric ulcers in the dog.
 
 
 
====Pig====
 
 
 
* Gastic ulceration is quite common in the pig- May be seen in 50-60% of pigs arriving at slaughterhouses.
 
* Has serious economic consequences.
 
 
 
*'''Clinical'''
 
** Occasionally a well-grown pig will drop dead.
 
*** Deep ulcers have eroded into a blood vessel, causing massive haemorrhage into the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] from and producing death very rapidly.
 
** If long standing ulcers do not result in death, they do produce pain and discomfort.
 
*** Give low growth rate and poor feed conversion.
 
 
 
*'''Pathogenesis'''
 
** Gastric ulceration is associated with modern pig rearing, but the exact cause is unknown.
 
** Causes are associated with gastric hyperacidity, and gastric ulceration is probably a multifactorial disease.
 
** The following are suggested as possible causes:
 
*** Infection, e.g. ''Candida albicans'', ''Streptococci'', ''Staphylococci'' and mixes of these.
 
*** Copper toxicity- this is probably more significant.
 
**** Pigs are fed copper as growth promoter; 50 ppm is know to be toxic, and animals are often fed 250 ppm.
 
*** Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency.
 
*** Feeding on concrete floors.
 
**** Sand is licked up whe pigs eat.
 
*** Feeding finely milled cereal.
 
*** Stress
 
*** Possibly genetic factors.
 
 
 
*'''Pathology'''
 
** Most commonly affects pars oesophagea (squamous or non-glandular portion).
 
** Starts with hyperkeratosis in the stratum corneum
 
*** Appears rough and thickened
 
*** May stop at this stage.
 
** In approximately 30% of animals, the lesion starts to erode and quite deep ulcers may develop.
 
** In a significant small number ,very deep ulcers develop and may affect virtually all of pars oesophagea.
 
** Histologically, ulcers are large and flask-shaped ulcer with fibrin, necrosis, erosion and fibrosis at base.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
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[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]]
 
[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]]

Latest revision as of 18:21, 15 February 2011

Pages in category "Gastric Ulceration"

The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total.