Difference between revisions of "Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards"

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(New page: <big><center>'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY'''</center></big> <big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|'''BACK TO A...)
 
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!width="150"|'''Article'''
 
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Tubuloalveolar'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Ventral'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''Which ions are present withtin the secretion of the pancreas?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Bicarbonate and chloride'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Increases it'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Catabolic'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Liver'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Pyruvate kinase'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Phosphorylation via PKA'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
+
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?'''
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
||<font color="white"> <big>
−
*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
+
*'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism'''''
−
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Increases it in all cells'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''IDDM and NIDDM'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Pancreatoduodenal'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''δ cells'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Mesoduodenum'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Accessory'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''One, the pancreatic duct'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Ruminants'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Triangular'''''
 +
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
|}
 
|}
  

Revision as of 15:03, 26 July 2008

BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BACK TO ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS
BACK TO PANCREAS



Question Answer Article
What type of gland is the pancreas?
  • Tubuloalveolar
 Link to Answer Article
From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?
  • Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm
 Link to Answer Article
Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?
  • Ventral
 Link to Answer Article
Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?
  • Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla
 Link to Answer Article
What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?
  • Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion
 Link to Answer Article
Which ions are present withtin the secretion of the pancreas?
  • Bicarbonate and chloride
 Link to Answer Article
Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?
  • To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine
 Link to Answer Article
Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans
  • Alpha, beta, delta and F cells
 Link to Answer Article
What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?
  • Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level
 Link to Answer Article
What is the function of somatostatin?
  • It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
 Link to Answer Article
What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?
  • Increases it
 Link to Answer Article
What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?
  • Catabolic
 Link to Answer Article
What is the main target tissue of glucagon?
  • Liver
 Link to Answer Article
What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?
  • Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
 Link to Answer Article
Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?
  • Pyruvate kinase
 Link to Answer Article
How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?
  • Phosphorylation via PKA
 Link to Answer Article
What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?
  • Increases β oxidation of fatty acids
 Link to Answer Article
What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?
  • Increases the rate of protein catabolism
 Link to Answer Article
How may ketosis occur during fasting?
  • The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the structure of insulin.
  • A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.
  • Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin
 Link to Answer Article
How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?
  • It causes expression of GLUT 4
 Link to Answer Article
What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?
  • Increases it in all cells
 Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
  • Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria
 Link to Answer Article
What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
  • β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism
 Link to Answer Article
What are the two types of diabetes in cats?
  • IDDM and NIDDM
 Link to Answer Article
What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?
  • Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)
 Link to Answer Article
Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?
  • CCK, secretin and gastrin
 Link to Answer Article
Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?
  • Pancreatoduodenal
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.
  • Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen
 Link to Answer Article
What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?
  • Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes
 Link to Answer Article
Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?
  • δ cells
 Link to Answer Article
Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?
  • Mesoduodenum
 Link to Answer Article
In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?
  • Accessory
 Link to Answer Article
How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?
  • One, the pancreatic duct
 Link to Answer Article
In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?
  • Ruminants
 Link to Answer Article
Which shape is the horse's pancreas?
  • Triangular
 Link to Answer Article



BACK TO PANCREAS
BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BACK TO ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS
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