Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards

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Question	Answer	Article
What type of gland is the pancreas?	Tubuloalveolar	Link to Answer Article
From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?	Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm	Link to Answer Article
Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?	Ventral	Link to Answer Article
Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?	Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla	Link to Answer Article
What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?	Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion	Link to Answer Article
Which ions are present withtin the secretion of the pancreas?	Bicarbonate and chloride	Link to Answer Article
Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?	To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine	Link to Answer Article
Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans	Alpha, beta, delta and F cells	Link to Answer Article
What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?	Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level	Link to Answer Article
What is the function of somatostatin?	It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion	Link to Answer Article
What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?	Increases it	Link to Answer Article
What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?	Catabolic	Link to Answer Article
What is the main target tissue of glucagon?	Liver	Link to Answer Article
What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?	Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue	Link to Answer Article
Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?	Pyruvate kinase	Link to Answer Article
How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?	Phosphorylation via PKA	Link to Answer Article
What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?	Increases β oxidation of fatty acids	Link to Answer Article
What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?	Increases the rate of protein catabolism	Link to Answer Article
How may ketosis occur during fasting?	The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies	Link to Answer Article
Describe the structure of insulin.	A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges	Link to Answer Article
Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.	Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin	Link to Answer Article
How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?	It causes expression of GLUT 4	Link to Answer Article
What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?	Increases it in all cells	Link to Answer Article
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?	Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria	Link to Answer Article
What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?	β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism	Link to Answer Article
What are the two types of diabetes in cats?	IDDM and NIDDM	Link to Answer Article
What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?	Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)	Link to Answer Article
Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?	CCK, secretin and gastrin	Link to Answer Article
Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?	Pancreatoduodenal	Link to Answer Article
Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.	Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen	Link to Answer Article
What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?	Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes	Link to Answer Article
Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?	δ cells	Link to Answer Article
Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?	Mesoduodenum	Link to Answer Article
In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?	Accessory	Link to Answer Article
How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?	One, the pancreatic duct	Link to Answer Article
In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?	Ruminants	Link to Answer Article
Which shape is the horse's pancreas?	Triangular	Link to Answer Article

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