Difference between revisions of "Theileria"

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{{OpenPagesTop}}
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
|name              = Theileria spp
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|name              = ''Theileria'' spp
 
|kingdom            = Protista
 
|kingdom            = Protista
 
|sub-kingdom        =
 
|sub-kingdom        =
|phylum            =Protozoa
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|phylum            = [[:Category:Protozoa|Protozoa]]
 
|super-class        =
 
|super-class        =
 
|class              =
 
|class              =
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|sub-family        =  
 
|sub-family        =  
 
|genus              = Theileria
 
|genus              = Theileria
|species            = Theileria parva and others
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|species            = ''Theileria parva'' and others
 
}}
 
}}
 
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
 +
[[Image:Theileria parva life cycle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''Theileria parva'' Life Cycle Diagram - Dennis Jacobs & Mark Fox RVC]]
 +
[[File:Theileria_lifecycle.gif|thumb|200px|right|''Theileria'' Lifecycle]]
 
''Theileria'' species are a group of '''[[Protozoa | protozoan]]''' pathogens causing severe '''lymphatic proliferative disease''' in cattle.
 
''Theileria'' species are a group of '''[[Protozoa | protozoan]]''' pathogens causing severe '''lymphatic proliferative disease''' in cattle.
  
'''''T. parva''''' is the species of most veterinary importance, affecting cattle in Central and Eastern Africa.
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'''''T. parva''''' is the species of most veterinary importance, affecting cattle in Central and Eastern Africa and is the cause of [[East Coast Fever | East Coast Fever]].
  
 
Other species cause significant economic losses in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Northern Africa.
 
Other species cause significant economic losses in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Northern Africa.
  
 
==Lifecycle==
 
==Lifecycle==
[[Image:Theileria parva life cycle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''Theileria parva'' Life Cycle Diagram - Dennis Jacobs & Mark Fox RVC]]
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''Theileria'' are transmitted via the [[Haemaphysalis spp.|''Haemaphysalis'']] and [[Rhipicephalus spp.|''Rhipicephalus'']] species of '''[[Ticks|tick]] vectors'''.
''Theileria'' are transmitted via the ''Haemaphysalis'' and ''Rhipicephalus'' and ''Dermacentor'' species of '''[[Ticks | tick]] vectors'''.
 
 
   
 
   
 
'''Sporozoites''' enter '''mononuclear''' cells of the host and develop into '''trophozoites''' and multinucleate '''schizonts''' by '''asexual''' reproduction. This process stimulates proliferation of the host cells, allowing further multiplication of the parasite. The local '''[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]''' are first infected.
 
'''Sporozoites''' enter '''mononuclear''' cells of the host and develop into '''trophozoites''' and multinucleate '''schizonts''' by '''asexual''' reproduction. This process stimulates proliferation of the host cells, allowing further multiplication of the parasite. The local '''[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]''' are first infected.
  
Schizonts then '''disseminate''' through the '''[[Category:Primary Lymphoid Tissue | lymphoid tissues]]''' before differentiating into '''merozoites'''.
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Schizonts then '''disseminate''' through the '''[[:Category:Primary Lymphoid Tissue | lymphoid tissues]]''' before differentiating into '''merozoites'''.
  
 
The merozoites enter the '''[[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]]''' and form '''piroplasms''' which are '''infective to ticks''' and capable of sexual reproduction.
 
The merozoites enter the '''[[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]]''' and form '''piroplasms''' which are '''infective to ticks''' and capable of sexual reproduction.
  
Sexual reproduction occurs within the nymph and larval stages of the [[Ticks | tick]] and the final infective stage is present within the '''salivary glands''' and is transmitted to mammalian hosts when bloodfeeding.
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Sexual reproduction occurs within the nymph and larval stages of the [[Ticks |tick]] and the final infective stage is present within the '''salivary glands''' and is transmitted to mammalian hosts when bloodfeeding.
  
 
Transmission in the tick is then '''[[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]]'''.
 
Transmission in the tick is then '''[[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]]'''.
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==Diseases==
 
==Diseases==
[[Image:Lymph node smear East Coast Fever.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lymph node smear of a cow with East Coast Fever - Drs. Elizabeth Howerth and Bruce LeRoy, Department of Pathology, UGA College of Veterinary Medicine]]
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<big><b>[[Theileriosis - Cattle |Bovine Theileriosis]]
 
 
[[Image:H and E stain brain East Coast Fever.jpg|thumb|right|200px|H and E stain of brain and meningeal vessels of a cow with East Coast Fever - Drs. Elizabeth Howerth and Bruce LeRoy, Department of Pathology, UGA College of Veterinary Medicine]]
 
 
 
[[Theileriosis - Cattle | Bovine Theileriosis]]
 
  
 
[[East Coast Fever]]
 
[[East Coast Fever]]
  
==Theileria parva==
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[[Babesiosis - Horse|Equine Babesiosis]]</b></big>
Also Known As ''T. mutans'' and ''T. sergenti''.
 
  
Primarily a parasite of '''African buffalo'''.
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==''Theileria parva''==
  
Transmitted by a wide range of [[Ticks | tick]] hosts and also the burrowing mite, '''''[[Sarcoptes | Sarcoptes scabei]]'''''.
+
''T. parva'' is primarily a parasite of '''African buffalo''' and the cause of '''[[Theileriosis - Cattle | Bovine Theileriosis]]''' and '''[[East Coast Fever]]'''. It may be transmitted by a wide range of [[Ticks |tick]] hosts although ''Rhipicephalus appeniculatus'' is the most importnat in the field.
  
The cause of '''[[Theileriosis - Cattle | Bovine Theileriosis]]''' and '''[[East Coast Fever]]'''
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The protozoa form '''rod shaped''' piroplasms within host [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
  
Forms '''rod shaped''' piroplasms within host [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
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Sheep and mice can also be infected.
  
Shows extreme antigenic diversity across its geographical distribution, although parasites isolated in different diseases are genetically identical.
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==''Theileria annulata''==
 +
Also Known As: '''''T. dispar''
  
Can also infect sheep and mice.
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''T. annulata'' is also a cause of [[Theileriosis - Cattle |Bovine Theileriosis]]. The parasite infects '''[[Macrophages |macrophages]]''' and '''[[B cells| B Lymphocytes]]''' forming '''round or oval''' piroplasma within host [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
  
==Theileria annulata==
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It also infects sheep and yaks.
Also Known As ''T. dispar''
 
  
Also a cause of [[Theileriosis - Cattle | Bovine Theileriosis]]
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==''Theileria equi''==
 +
''Theileria equi'' (formerly ''Babesia equi'') and ''Babesia caballi'' cause [[Babesiosis - Horse|babesiosis in horses]].
  
Infects '''[[Macrophages | macrophages]]''' and '''[[B cells| B Lymphocytes]]'''.
 
  
Forms '''round or oval''' piroplasma within host [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards = [[Piroplasmida_Flashcards|Piroplasmida Flashcards]]
Also infects sheep and yaks
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}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Theileria datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
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{{CABI source
 +
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=96673&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Theileria]
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|date = 4/06/2011
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}}
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<br><br><br>
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{{Nick Lyons
 +
|date = July 8, 2012}}
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==Webinars==
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/parasitology/webinars/feed</rss>
  
==Test yourself with the Piroplasmida Flashcards==
 
[[Piroplasmida_Flashcards|Piroplasmida Flashcards]]
 
  
 
[[Category:Piroplasmida]]
 
[[Category:Piroplasmida]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI review]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
 +
[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]

Latest revision as of 16:09, 3 January 2023


Theileria spp
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Protozoa
Order Piroplasmorida
Family Theileriidae
Genus Theileria
Species Theileria parva and others

Introduction

Theileria parva Life Cycle Diagram - Dennis Jacobs & Mark Fox RVC
Theileria Lifecycle

Theileria species are a group of protozoan pathogens causing severe lymphatic proliferative disease in cattle.

T. parva is the species of most veterinary importance, affecting cattle in Central and Eastern Africa and is the cause of East Coast Fever.

Other species cause significant economic losses in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Northern Africa.

Lifecycle

Theileria are transmitted via the Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus species of tick vectors.

Sporozoites enter mononuclear cells of the host and develop into trophozoites and multinucleate schizonts by asexual reproduction. This process stimulates proliferation of the host cells, allowing further multiplication of the parasite. The local lymph nodes are first infected.

Schizonts then disseminate through the lymphoid tissues before differentiating into merozoites.

The merozoites enter the erythrocytes and form piroplasms which are infective to ticks and capable of sexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction occurs within the nymph and larval stages of the tick and the final infective stage is present within the salivary glands and is transmitted to mammalian hosts when bloodfeeding.

Transmission in the tick is then trans-stadial.

In endemic areas, endemic stability is often reached, in which most or all cattle may be infected and be carriers and most ticks are also infected, but young calves gain solid immunity from their immune dams and therefore rarely show clinical disease. This state however takes time to stabilise and will cause significant economic losses in the process.

For more information on ticks as vectors, see Tick Disease Transmission.

Pathogenesis

Lymphocytes are killed by invading protozoa and later in disease, lymphopoeisis is reduced and prevented.

Diseases

Bovine Theileriosis

East Coast Fever

Equine Babesiosis

Theileria parva

T. parva is primarily a parasite of African buffalo and the cause of Bovine Theileriosis and East Coast Fever. It may be transmitted by a wide range of tick hosts although Rhipicephalus appeniculatus is the most importnat in the field.

The protozoa form rod shaped piroplasms within host erythrocytes.

Sheep and mice can also be infected.

Theileria annulata

Also Known As: T. dispar

T. annulata is also a cause of Bovine Theileriosis. The parasite infects macrophages and B Lymphocytes forming round or oval piroplasma within host erythrocytes.

It also infects sheep and yaks.

Theileria equi

Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi) and Babesia caballi cause babesiosis in horses.



Theileria Learning Resources
FlashcardsFlashcards logo.png
Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions
Piroplasmida Flashcards


References


CABIlogo

This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on 4/06/2011.









Webinars

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