Difference between revisions of "Theileria"

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|name              = ''Theileria'' spp
 
|name              = ''Theileria'' spp
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''Theileria'' species are a group of '''[[Protozoa | protozoan]]''' pathogens causing severe '''lymphatic proliferative disease''' in cattle.
 
''Theileria'' species are a group of '''[[Protozoa | protozoan]]''' pathogens causing severe '''lymphatic proliferative disease''' in cattle.
  
'''''T. parva''''' is the species of most veterinary importance, affecting cattle in Central and Eastern Africa and is the cause of [[East Coast Fever | East Coast Fever]].
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'''''T. parva''''' is the species of most veterinary importance, affecting cattle in Central and Eastern Africa.
  
 
Other species cause significant economic losses in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Northern Africa.
 
Other species cause significant economic losses in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Northern Africa.
  
 
==Lifecycle==
 
==Lifecycle==
''Theileria'' are transmitted via the [[Haemaphysalis spp.|''Haemaphysalis'']] and [[Rhipicephalus spp.|''Rhipicephalus'']] species of '''[[Ticks|tick]] vectors'''.
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''Theileria'' are transmitted via the [[Haemaphysalis spp.|''Haemaphysalis'']] and [[Rhipicephalus spp.|''Rhipicephalus'']] and [[Dermacentor spp.|''Dermacentor'']] species of '''[[Ticks|tick]] vectors'''.
 
   
 
   
 
'''Sporozoites''' enter '''mononuclear''' cells of the host and develop into '''trophozoites''' and multinucleate '''schizonts''' by '''asexual''' reproduction. This process stimulates proliferation of the host cells, allowing further multiplication of the parasite. The local '''[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]''' are first infected.
 
'''Sporozoites''' enter '''mononuclear''' cells of the host and develop into '''trophozoites''' and multinucleate '''schizonts''' by '''asexual''' reproduction. This process stimulates proliferation of the host cells, allowing further multiplication of the parasite. The local '''[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]''' are first infected.
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==''Theileria parva''==
 
==''Theileria parva''==
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Also Known As:''' ''T. mutans'' and ''T. sergenti''.
  
''T. parva'' is primarily a parasite of '''African buffalo''' and the cause of '''[[Theileriosis - Cattle | Bovine Theileriosis]]''' and '''[[East Coast Fever]]'''. It may be transmitted by a wide range of [[Ticks |tick]] hosts although ''Rhipicephalus appeniculatus'' is the most importnat in the field.
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''T. parva'' is primarily a parasite of '''African buffalo''' and the cause of '''[[Theileriosis - Cattle | Bovine Theileriosis]]''' and '''[[East Coast Fever]]'''. It is transmitted by a wide range of [[Ticks |tick]] hosts and also the burrowing mite, '''''[[Sarcoptes | Sarcoptes scabei]]'''''.
  
 
The protozoa form '''rod shaped''' piroplasms within host [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
 
The protozoa form '''rod shaped''' piroplasms within host [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
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''T. parva'' shows extreme antigenic diversity across its geographical distribution, although parasites isolated in different diseases are genetically identical.
  
 
Sheep and mice can also be infected.
 
Sheep and mice can also be infected.
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[[Category:Piroplasmida]]
 
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Revision as of 15:36, 14 August 2011

Theileria spp
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Protozoa
Order Piroplasmorida
Family Theileriidae
Genus Theileria
Species Theileria parva and others

Introduction

Theileria parva Life Cycle Diagram - Dennis Jacobs & Mark Fox RVC
Theileria Lifecycle

Theileria species are a group of protozoan pathogens causing severe lymphatic proliferative disease in cattle.

T. parva is the species of most veterinary importance, affecting cattle in Central and Eastern Africa.

Other species cause significant economic losses in the Mediterranean, Middle East and Northern Africa.

Lifecycle

Theileria are transmitted via the Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor species of tick vectors.

Sporozoites enter mononuclear cells of the host and develop into trophozoites and multinucleate schizonts by asexual reproduction. This process stimulates proliferation of the host cells, allowing further multiplication of the parasite. The local lymph nodes are first infected.

Schizonts then disseminate through the lymphoid tissues before differentiating into merozoites.

The merozoites enter the erythrocytes and form piroplasms which are infective to ticks and capable of sexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction occurs within the nymph and larval stages of the tick and the final infective stage is present within the salivary glands and is transmitted to mammalian hosts when bloodfeeding.

Transmission in the tick is then trans-stadial.

In endemic areas, endemic stability is often reached, in which most or all cattle may be infected and be carriers and most ticks are also infected, but young calves gain solid immunity from their immune dams and therefore rarely show clinical disease. This state however takes time to stabilise and will cause significant economic losses in the process.

For more information on ticks as vectors, see Tick Disease Transmission.

Pathogenesis

Lymphocytes are killed by invading protozoa and later in disease, lymphopoeisis is reduced and prevented.

Diseases

Bovine Theileriosis

East Coast Fever

Equine Babesiosis

Theileria parva

Also Known As: T. mutans and T. sergenti.

T. parva is primarily a parasite of African buffalo and the cause of Bovine Theileriosis and East Coast Fever. It is transmitted by a wide range of tick hosts and also the burrowing mite, Sarcoptes scabei.

The protozoa form rod shaped piroplasms within host erythrocytes.

T. parva shows extreme antigenic diversity across its geographical distribution, although parasites isolated in different diseases are genetically identical.

Sheep and mice can also be infected.

Theileria annulata

Also Known As: T. dispar

T. annulata is also a cause of Bovine Theileriosis. The parasite infects macrophages and B Lymphocytes forming round or oval piroplasma within host erythrocytes.

It also infects sheep and yaks.

Theileria equi

Theileria equi (formerly Babesia equi) and Babesia caballi cause babesiosis in horses.



Theileria Learning Resources
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Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions
Piroplasmida Flashcards


References


CABIlogo

This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on 4/06/2011.