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==Consequences of Biotin Deficiency==

==Consequences of Biotin Deficiency==

Naturally occurring biotin deficiencies have not been reported unless accompanied by the feeding of raw egg white. Egg white contains a compound called avadin, which irreversibly binds biotin making it unavailable for physiologic use.

Naturally occurring biotin deficiencies have not been reported unless accompanied by the feeding of raw egg white. Egg white contains a compound called avadin, which irreversibly binds biotin, making it unavailable for physiologic use.

====Dogs:====

====Dogs:====

Dogs fed raw egg white develop hyperkeratosis of the skin and scaling<ref>National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.230-231.</ref>.

Dogs fed raw egg white develop hyperkeratosis of the skin and scaling<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.230-231.</ref>.

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Kittens fed raw egg white developed excessive accumulation of ocular, nasal, and salivary secretion, alopecia, achromotrichia, skin scaling, weight loss, and diarrhoea<ref>Carey CJ and Morris JG. Biotin deficiency in the cat and its effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase. J Nutr 1977;107:330-334.</ref>.

Kittens fed raw egg white developed excessive accumulation of ocular, nasal, and salivary secretion, alopecia, achromotrichia, skin scaling, weight loss, and diarrhoea<ref>Carey CJ and Morris JG. Biotin deficiency in the cat and its effect on hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase. J Nutr 1977;107:330-334.</ref>.

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==

There are no published reports of biotin toxicity in dogs and cats;2 excess intake is freely filtered through the renal tubules.

There are no published reports of biotin toxicity in dogs and cats<ref name="NRC"/>; excess intake is freely filtered through the renal tubules.

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==

High concentrations of naturally occurring biotin are found in meats, dairy products, grains, and pulses (e.g., legumes). Because endogenous microbial synthesis is normally adequate, a dietary supply of biotin is not required. However supplementation may be necessary in situations where intestinal microbial synthesis is comprised, such as long term administration of anti-bacterial agents.

High concentrations of naturally occurring biotin are found in meats, dairy products, grains, and pulses (e.g., legumes). Because endogenous microbial synthesis is normally adequate, a dietary supply of biotin is not required. However supplementation may be necessary in situations where intestinal microbial synthesis is compromised, such as long term administration of anti-bacterial agents.

==Diagnosing Biotin Deficiency==

==Diagnosing Biotin Deficiency==