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Also known as: '''''Acanthomatous Epulis — Peripheral Ameloblastoma — Basal Cell Carcinoma — Adamantinoma

| Also known as:

| '''Acanthomatous epulis<br>Peripheral ameloblastomas<br>Basal cell carcinomas<br> Adamantinomas

==Description==  

==Description==  

This is a benign but locally invasive odontogenic tumour that appears in the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|gingiva]], often surrounding and displacing the adjacent teeth. The lesions have a raised and cauliflower appearance and are slow growing. Eventually the lesions can become very large and involve the jaw bone.

This is a benign but locally invasive odontogenic tumour that appears in the [[Gingiva|gingiva]], often surrounding and displacing the adjacent teeth. The lesions have a raised and sometimes cauliflower appearance and are slow growing. Eventually the lesions can become very large and involve the jaw bone.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Clinical Signs===

Include halitosis, oral bleeding, dental disruption or loss, facial or mandibular deformity, excessive salivation, growth protruding from the mouth and rarely dysphagia.

Include halitosis, oral bleeding, dental disruption or loss, facial or mandibular deformity, excessive salivation, growth protruding from the mouth and rarely dysphagia.

===Diagnostic Imaging===

===Diagnostic Imaging===

Skull radiography may show a soft tissue opacity in the area of the gingiva with lytic invasion of the underlying [[Alveolar bone - Anatomy & Physiology|alveolar bone]]. If a malignant neoplasm is a dignostic possibility, thoracic radiography should be carried out to evaluate for lung metastases.

Standard [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|skull]] radiography is often unrewarding and of low diagnostic yield. Skull computed tomography (CT) provides much greater detail and is frequently employed in preoperative planning (in combination with standard dental intra-oral radiographs). Odontogenic neoplasms frequently  are found to involve multiple teeth, contrast enhance, involve lysis of the alveolar bone and demonstrate mass-assoicated tooth displacement. Acanthomatous ameloblastomas may appear as extra-osseous or intra-osseous masses; intra-osseous masses are more likely to have mass-associated cyst-like structures and are subjectively more aggressive as compared to extra-osseous acanthomatous ameloblastomas. In many cases mandibular lymphadenopathy is also observed. In cases where a malignant neoplasm is suspected, complete staging should be performed to look for metastatic disease, including 3-view thoracic radiographs (or thoracic CT) and abdominal imaging (abdominal ultrasound or abdominal CT)<ref>Amory JT, Reetz JA, Sanchez MD, et al. ''Computed tomographic characteristics of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs.'' Vet Radiol Ultrasound, Vol. 00, No. 00, 2013, pp 1–12.</ref>.

===Biopsy===

===Biopsy===

Required for a definitive diagnosis

Required for a definitive diagnosis and incisional biopsy is the technique of choice. When undertaking cytological or grab procedures it is more difficult to obtain a representative sample.

Incisional Biopsy is the technique of choice. When undertaking cytological or grab procedures it is more difficult to obtain a representative sample.

 

Islands and sheets of mature odontogenic epithelium within a collagenous fibrous connective tissue stroma of low/moderate cellularity will be noticed. Each of the islands is bounded by a row of tall columnnar cells. These palisading cells exhibit polarisation away from the basement membrane and have cytoplasmic vacuolation. Central cells have a basaloid appearance. The tumour is often infiiltrating into the underlying bone.  

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Surgical resection with margins of at least 1cm.

Surgical resection is the best option with margins of at least 1cm. Radiation therapy may be considered in patients where wide surgical excision is not possible, however there is a risk of malignant transformation of the tumour at a later stage.

*'''Radiation therapy''' may be considered in patients where wide surgical excision is not possible. However there is a risk of malignant transformation of the tumour at a later stage.

 

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Good following complete surgical excision.

Good following complete surgical excision.

==References==

==References==

[[Category:Oral_Cavity_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Oral_Cavity_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

[[Category:Neoplasia]]

[[Category:Neoplasia]]