Difference between revisions of "Filaroides osleri"

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{{review}}
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Also known as: '''''Dog lungworm — Oslerus osleri'''''
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 
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| Also known as:
 
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| '''Dog lungworm'''<br>'''''Osterus osleri
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
|name              = ''Filaroides osleri
 
|name              = ''Filaroides osleri
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|kingdom            =
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|kingdom            =Animalia
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|phylum            =
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|phylum            =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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|class              = ''[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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|class              =Secernentea
 
|sub-class          =
 
|sub-class          =
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|order              =
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|order              =Strongylida
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|super-family      =''[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]
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|super-family      =[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]
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|family            =
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|family            =Filaroididae
 
|sub-family        =
 
|sub-family        =
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|genus              =
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|genus              =Filaroides
 
|species            = ''Filaroides osleri
 
|species            = ''Filaroides osleri
 
}}
 
}}
  
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==Hosts==
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==Introduction==
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Dog
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''Filaroides osleri'' is a [[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|metastrongyloid]] nematode that lives in '''granulomatous nodules''' located on the mucosal surface of the '''distal trachea, tracheal bifurcation and first division bronchi''' in '''dogs''' and wild canid species.
  
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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The adults are pale, thin worms. The female is larger than the male, at around 9-15mm in length.
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The adults are pale, thin [[:Category:Nematodes|nematodes]]. The female is larger than the male, at around 9-15mm in length.
  
 
==Life Cycle==
 
==Life Cycle==
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This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily [[Category:Metastrongyloidea|''Metastrongyloidea'']]. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are past out in the faeces.
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This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily [[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|'''Metastrongyloidea''']]. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are passed out in the feces.
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The bitch may transfer the larvae to the pup '''during grooming''', or infection may come about via '''ingestion of the larvae'''. The larvae '''mature and travel to the lungs'''. 
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The prepatent period is '''10-18 weeks'''.
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==Clinical Signs==
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The primary clinical sign is a '''chronic cough'''. Progressively enlarging granulomatous nodules may obstruct airflow and lead to signs such as '''exercise intolerance, dyspnoea or even death'''.
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'''Spontaneous pneumothorax''' can occur extremely rarely.
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==Diagnosis==
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The tracheobronchial nodules may occasionally be detected '''radiographically''' as large, space-occupying masses protruding into the tracheal lumen near the bifurcation.
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'''Bronchoscopic visualisation''' is the best way to detect the mucosal nodules.
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'''Bronchial washings''' may then reveal larvated ova and larvae with a kinked tail.
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'''Feces''' can be examined for larvae, but this is less rewarding.
 +
 
 +
'''Zinc-sulphate centrifugation/flotation''' is preferred to the Baermann method as the larvae are lethargic and do not migrate out of the fecal mass.
 +
 
 +
==Treatment==
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Endoscopic examination and '''removal of the nodules''' is essential for a successful outcome.
 +
 
 +
A good clinical response may be seen using extended courses of '''ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole and levamisole'''. This does not always clear the nodules on follow-up bronchoscopy.
 +
 
 +
In a '''breeding colony''', bitches should be '''treated before whelping''', and pups should be separated from older infected dogs to prevent horizontal transmission by ingestion of infected feces. In infected dogs, good hygiene is essential, and pups could be '''hand-raised''' or foster-reared on uninfected bitches.
  
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The bitch may transfer the larvae to the pup during grooming, or infection may come about via digestion of the larvae. The larvae mature and travel to the lungs.
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Filaroides+osleri%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=OR&q2=%22Osterus+osleri%22&occuring2=title&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=51&y=13&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Filaroides osleri'' publications]
  
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The prepatent period is 10-18 weeks.
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
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}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''
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King, L. (2004) '''Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
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Pinckney, R. D. (2000) '''Canine Filaroides infection in Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology''' ''IVIS publication''
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{{review}}
  
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Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''
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{{OpenPages}}
  
 
[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
 
[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
 
 
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
 
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Dog]]

Latest revision as of 19:09, 29 September 2018


Also known as: Dog lungworm — Oslerus osleri

Filaroides osleri
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Secernentea
Order Strongylida
Super-family Metastrongyloidea
Family Filaroididae
Genus Filaroides
Species Filaroides osleri

Introduction

Filaroides osleri is a metastrongyloid nematode that lives in granulomatous nodules located on the mucosal surface of the distal trachea, tracheal bifurcation and first division bronchi in dogs and wild canid species.

Identification

The adults are pale, thin nematodes. The female is larger than the male, at around 9-15mm in length.

Life Cycle

This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are passed out in the feces.

The bitch may transfer the larvae to the pup during grooming, or infection may come about via ingestion of the larvae. The larvae mature and travel to the lungs.

The prepatent period is 10-18 weeks.

Clinical Signs

The primary clinical sign is a chronic cough. Progressively enlarging granulomatous nodules may obstruct airflow and lead to signs such as exercise intolerance, dyspnoea or even death.

Spontaneous pneumothorax can occur extremely rarely.

Diagnosis

The tracheobronchial nodules may occasionally be detected radiographically as large, space-occupying masses protruding into the tracheal lumen near the bifurcation.

Bronchoscopic visualisation is the best way to detect the mucosal nodules.

Bronchial washings may then reveal larvated ova and larvae with a kinked tail.

Feces can be examined for larvae, but this is less rewarding.

Zinc-sulphate centrifugation/flotation is preferred to the Baermann method as the larvae are lethargic and do not migrate out of the fecal mass.

Treatment

Endoscopic examination and removal of the nodules is essential for a successful outcome.

A good clinical response may be seen using extended courses of ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole and levamisole. This does not always clear the nodules on follow-up bronchoscopy.

In a breeding colony, bitches should be treated before whelping, and pups should be separated from older infected dogs to prevent horizontal transmission by ingestion of infected feces. In infected dogs, good hygiene is essential, and pups could be hand-raised or foster-reared on uninfected bitches.


Filaroides osleri Learning Resources
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(CABI log in required) 		Filaroides osleri publications


References

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell Publishing

King, L. (2004) Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats Elsevier Health Sciences

Pinckney, R. D. (2000) Canine Filaroides infection in Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology IVIS publication


This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.



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