Difference between revisions of "Photosensitisation"

From WikiVet English
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(60 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{unfinished}}
 
{{cow}}
 
  
*'sunburn-like' lesions
+
==Introduction==
*cattle and sheep
+
Photosensitisation is an abnormal reaction of the skin to sunlight due to the presence of a photodynamic agent in the dermis. It is
*sharply confined to the unpigmented areas of the skin
+
primarily a condition of sheep, cattle and horses but other species may also be susceptible.
*occurs as a result of the effect of strong sunlight
 
**due to the effect of UV light on a photodynamic agent (PDA) present in the skin, such as is '''phylloerythrin''' derived from chlorophyll
 
**therefore, the disease occurs mostly in those animals consuming large quantities of grass
 
**the UV light is changed to a longer wavelength which produces the necrosis of the skin
 
*many unknown/poorly understood causes
 
**feeding rape, kale, lucerne, alfalfa
 
**mouldy hay
 
**lush pasture
 
**corticosteroid induced
 
  
===Primary photosensitisation===
+
The condition can be divided into two categories; primary and secondary. '''Primary photosensitisation''' occurs due to the ingestion of lush green plants containing photodynamic agents, such as St John's Wort or clover. '''Secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitisation''' is the most commmon type of photosensitivity seen in animals and occurs due to liver or bile duct damage, most often as a result of ingestion of hepatotoxic plants such as ''Senecio jacobea'' ([[Ragwort Toxicity|ragwort]]), ''Lantana camara'' (Lantana), ''Lupinus angustifolius'' (Lupins) and [[Blue-Green Algae Toxicity|Blue-green algae]]. The normal conjugation and excretion of phylloerythrin (a breakdown product of chlorophyll) is prevented leading to its accumulation in the blood and body tissues. In the skin this leads to the absorption and release of UV light, resulting in a phototoxic reaction.
  
====Causes====
+
==Clinical signs==
*normal ingestion of growing lush green plants containing PDA
+
[[Image:Cow-_photosensitivity.jpg‎|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Photosensitisation in a Friesian cow (Image sourced from Wikimedia Commons))</center></small>]]
**plants containing such fluorescent pigments
+
The condition is characterised by clearly demarcated 'sunburn-like' lesions that are confined to unpigmented or hairless areas of the skin. The nose, lips, ears, muzzle and udder are commonly affected areas. In the acute stages, the affected area(s) becomes erythematous and oedematous with exudation and crust formation. Animals may be pruritic or painful. Other clinical signs may include swollen lips or muzzle, tachypnoea, tachycardia, diarrhoea and salivation.
***''Hypericum perforatum'' (St John's Wort) - active principle is hypercin
 
***''Lolium perenne'' (Perennial Rye Grass) - active principle is perloline
 
*drugs
 
**phenothiazine
 
**thiazides
 
**tetracyclines
 
**sulphonamides
 
*inherited porphyria
 
  
===Secondary photosensitisation===
+
If the photosensitisation is secondary (hepatogenous), [[icterus]] may be present. Other signs may include those consistent with [[Hepatic Encephalopathy|hepatic encephalopathy]] such as head-pressing, circling, and behavioural changes.
*photosensitisation secondary to liver damage
 
====Cause====
 
*hepatogenous photosensitisation
 
**chlorophyll is metabolised to '''phylloerythrin'''
 
**when the liver or bile ducts are malfunctioning (eg hepatitis or bile duct obstruction) due to severe toxic damage, '''phylloerythrin''' escapes into the circulation and settles in the tissues including the skin
 
**the pigment accumulates causing photosensitisation
 
*hepatotoxic plants
 
**''Senecio jacobea'' (Ragwort)
 
**''Lantana camara'' (Lantana)
 
**''Lupinus angustifolius'' (Lupins)
 
**Blue-green algae
 
  
===Clinical Signs===
+
==Diagnosis==
 +
The history and clinical signs of affected animals are important in order to differentiate whether the condition is primary or secondary. In the case of primary photosensitisation there is often a history of exposure to plants containing photodynamic agents. Alternatively, there may be a history of administration of drugs such as phenothiazines, sulphonamides or tetracyclines or exposure to mycotoxins such as blue-green algae. Signs of liver disease are usually absent.
  
*localised to lightly pigmented skin areas
+
In animals affected by secondary photosensitisation the classic skin lesions of the condition are often generalised rather than localised, and are accompanied by the signs of liver disease listed above. Serum biochemistry often reveals increased liver enzymes (ALP, GGT, SDH and ALT) but bilirubin and bile acid concentrations are usually normal. Ultrasonography may provide additional diagnostic information.
*clear cut demarcation of affected area
 
*teats, muzzle, ears
 
*skin only
 
*skin and liver signs
 
  
===Microscopically===
+
Definitive diagnosis may be obtained by liver biopsy. In the case of pyrollizidine alkaloid toxicity, histological evaluation may reveal megalocytosis, biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis.
*subepidermal vesicles
 
**ulcerate
 
**become secondarily infected
 
  
===Treatment===
+
==Treatment==
*remove from sunlight
+
Affected animals should be removed from pasture suspected to contain the photodynamic agent. Any drugs or medications currently received by the animal should be stopped. Affected animals should only be allowed access to grazing at night.
  
 +
Anti-inflammatory drugs such as flunixin meglumine and topical steroid creams may be useful to decrease the severity of cutaneous lesions in the acute stage of the disease. Secondary bacterial infections of cutaneous lesions are common and should be treated with antimicrobials and correct wound management. Lesions generally heal well, and surgical debridement is reserved for only the most severely necrotic lesions.
  
 +
If the animal is affected by secondary photosensitisation, supportive treatment should be provided. A low-protein, high-energy diet rich in branched-chain amino acids such as beet pulp is recommended. Intravenous fluid therapy with 5% dextrose may be necessary in hypoglycaemic patients with signs of hepatic encephalopathy.
  
===Protosensitising Agents===
+
==Prognosis==
*Phenothiazine which was used as an anthelmintic
+
In general the prognosis is favourable for primary photosensitisation. Cutaneous lesions usually resolve within 48 hours but occasionally may persist for up to six months. The prognosis is poor for secondary photosensitisation due to hepatic involvement. Severely affected animals with liver failure carry a grave prognosis and are not usually treatable.
*Tetracycline - if one injects bitches with tetracycline when pregnant, puppies are born with brown [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]], which fluoresce under UV light.  
 
*Haemosiderin may also produce pinky / brown colour to [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] usually due to damage and haemorrhage into [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]].
 
  
 +
==Prevention==
 +
Animals should not be grazed on pasture known to contain photodynamic agents and contaminated hay and grain should also be avoided. In the case of farm livestock, less valuable or older animals may be used to 'pre-graze' affected pastures before other animals are introduced.
  
 +
{{Learning
 +
|flashcards = [[Liver_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
  
 +
[[Sheep Medicine Q&A 10]]
 +
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?it=any&q2=photosenzitivity&q1=photosensitivity&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&q4=photosensitization&q3=photosensitisation&occuring1=title&show=all&rowId=1&rowId=2&rowId=3&rowId=4&options1=AND&options2=OR&occuring4=title&options3=OR&options4=OR&occuring3=title&occuring2=title&publishedend=yyyy&la=any&publishedstart=yyyy&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22&y=11&x=55 Photosensitisation publications]
 +
}}
  
*'''Primary'''
+
==References==
**Ingestion of photodynamic substance from plants (''Hypericum perforatum'' and ''Fagopyrum sagittatum'' - buckwheat) or fungal contaminants
+
* Gupta, R. C., (2007) '''Veterinary Toxicology: basic and clinical principles''' ''Academic Press''
**Induced by drug administration - phenothiazines, tetracyclines, thiazides, sulphonamides
+
* Haskell, S. R. R., (2008) '''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: ruminant''' ''John Wiley & Sons''
*'''Abnormal porphyrin metabolism'''
+
* Lavoie, J. P., (2009) '''Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: equine''' ''John Wiley & Sons''
**Bovine congenital porphyria
+
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
**Bovine erythropoeitic protoporphyria
+
* Pascoe, R. R., Knottenbelt, D. C. (1999) '''Manual of Equine Dermatology''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
*'''Hepatogenous'''
 
**Impaired excretion of phylloerythrin (chlorophyl metabolism product) due to hepatic disease
 
**[[Liver Biliary Tract - Pathology#Obstruction|Biliary obstruction]]
 
**Inherited defects
 
**Hepatic injury due to toxic plants or fungal contaminants, chemicals or some infectious agents
 
*Grossly:
 
**In areas lacking hair or pigment
 
**Erythema, oedema -> blisters, exudation, necrosis, sloughing or keratitis
 
*Microscopically:
 
**Subepidermal vesicles
 
**Ulceration
 
**Secondary infection
 
  
 +
 +
{{review}}
 +
 +
==Webinars==
 +
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/emergency-and-critical-care/webinars/feed</rss>
  
  
[[Category:Teeth_-_Developmental_Pathology]]
 
 
[[Category:Liver_-_General_Pathology]]
 
[[Category:Liver_-_General_Pathology]]
 +
[[Category:Expert Review]]
 +
[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cattle]]
 +
[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Sheep]]
 +
[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Horse]]
 +
[[Category:Integumentary System - Developmental Pathology]]
 +
[[Category:Integumentary System - Sunlight Damage]]

Latest revision as of 16:35, 5 January 2023

Introduction

Photosensitisation is an abnormal reaction of the skin to sunlight due to the presence of a photodynamic agent in the dermis. It is primarily a condition of sheep, cattle and horses but other species may also be susceptible.

The condition can be divided into two categories; primary and secondary. Primary photosensitisation occurs due to the ingestion of lush green plants containing photodynamic agents, such as St John's Wort or clover. Secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitisation is the most commmon type of photosensitivity seen in animals and occurs due to liver or bile duct damage, most often as a result of ingestion of hepatotoxic plants such as Senecio jacobea (ragwort), Lantana camara (Lantana), Lupinus angustifolius (Lupins) and Blue-green algae. The normal conjugation and excretion of phylloerythrin (a breakdown product of chlorophyll) is prevented leading to its accumulation in the blood and body tissues. In the skin this leads to the absorption and release of UV light, resulting in a phototoxic reaction.

Clinical signs

Photosensitisation in a Friesian cow (Image sourced from Wikimedia Commons))

The condition is characterised by clearly demarcated 'sunburn-like' lesions that are confined to unpigmented or hairless areas of the skin. The nose, lips, ears, muzzle and udder are commonly affected areas. In the acute stages, the affected area(s) becomes erythematous and oedematous with exudation and crust formation. Animals may be pruritic or painful. Other clinical signs may include swollen lips or muzzle, tachypnoea, tachycardia, diarrhoea and salivation.

If the photosensitisation is secondary (hepatogenous), icterus may be present. Other signs may include those consistent with hepatic encephalopathy such as head-pressing, circling, and behavioural changes.

Diagnosis

The history and clinical signs of affected animals are important in order to differentiate whether the condition is primary or secondary. In the case of primary photosensitisation there is often a history of exposure to plants containing photodynamic agents. Alternatively, there may be a history of administration of drugs such as phenothiazines, sulphonamides or tetracyclines or exposure to mycotoxins such as blue-green algae. Signs of liver disease are usually absent.

In animals affected by secondary photosensitisation the classic skin lesions of the condition are often generalised rather than localised, and are accompanied by the signs of liver disease listed above. Serum biochemistry often reveals increased liver enzymes (ALP, GGT, SDH and ALT) but bilirubin and bile acid concentrations are usually normal. Ultrasonography may provide additional diagnostic information.

Definitive diagnosis may be obtained by liver biopsy. In the case of pyrollizidine alkaloid toxicity, histological evaluation may reveal megalocytosis, biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis.

Treatment

Affected animals should be removed from pasture suspected to contain the photodynamic agent. Any drugs or medications currently received by the animal should be stopped. Affected animals should only be allowed access to grazing at night.

Anti-inflammatory drugs such as flunixin meglumine and topical steroid creams may be useful to decrease the severity of cutaneous lesions in the acute stage of the disease. Secondary bacterial infections of cutaneous lesions are common and should be treated with antimicrobials and correct wound management. Lesions generally heal well, and surgical debridement is reserved for only the most severely necrotic lesions.

If the animal is affected by secondary photosensitisation, supportive treatment should be provided. A low-protein, high-energy diet rich in branched-chain amino acids such as beet pulp is recommended. Intravenous fluid therapy with 5% dextrose may be necessary in hypoglycaemic patients with signs of hepatic encephalopathy.

Prognosis

In general the prognosis is favourable for primary photosensitisation. Cutaneous lesions usually resolve within 48 hours but occasionally may persist for up to six months. The prognosis is poor for secondary photosensitisation due to hepatic involvement. Severely affected animals with liver failure carry a grave prognosis and are not usually treatable.

Prevention

Animals should not be grazed on pasture known to contain photodynamic agents and contaminated hay and grain should also be avoided. In the case of farm livestock, less valuable or older animals may be used to 'pre-graze' affected pastures before other animals are introduced.


Photosensitisation Learning Resources
FlashcardsFlashcards logo.png
Flashcards
Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions
Liver Pathology Flashcards

Sheep Medicine Q&A 10

CABICABI logo.jpg
Literature Search
Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract
(CABI log in required)
Photosensitisation publications


References

  • Gupta, R. C., (2007) Veterinary Toxicology: basic and clinical principles Academic Press
  • Haskell, S. R. R., (2008) Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: ruminant John Wiley & Sons
  • Lavoie, J. P., (2009) Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: equine John Wiley & Sons
  • Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial
  • Pascoe, R. R., Knottenbelt, D. C. (1999) Manual of Equine Dermatology Elsevier Health Sciences



Webinars

Failed to load RSS feed from https://www.thewebinarvet.com/emergency-and-critical-care/webinars/feed: Error parsing XML for RSS