Difference between revisions of "Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards"

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|subtext2=PANCREAS
 
|subtext2=PANCREAS
 
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}}
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<FlashCard questions="37">
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{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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|q1=What type of gland is the pancreas?
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|a1=Tubuloalveolar
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
|l1=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
|q2=From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?
−
|-
+
|a2=Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm
−
|<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?'''
+
|l2=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q3=Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?
−
*'''''Tubuloalveolar'''''
+
|a3=Ventral
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||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l3=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development
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|-
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|q4=Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?
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|<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?'''
+
|a4=Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l4=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure
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*'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm'''''
+
|q5=What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?
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||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a5=Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion
−
|-
+
|l5=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
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|<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?'''
+
|q6=Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a6=Bicarbonate and chloride
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*'''''Ventral'''''
+
|l6=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
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||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q7=Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?
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|-
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|a7=To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine
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|<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?'''
+
|l7=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q8=Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans
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*'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla'''''
+
|a8=Alpha, beta, delta and F cells
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||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l8=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
−
|-
+
|q9=What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?
−
|<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?'''
+
|a9=Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l9=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function
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*'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion'''''
+
|q10=What is the function of somatostatin?
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||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a10=It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
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|-
+
|l10=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function
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|<big>'''Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?'''
+
|q11=What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a11=Increases it
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*'''''Bicarbonate and chloride'''''
+
|l11=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
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||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q12=What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?
−
|-
+
|a12=Catabolic
−
|<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?'''
+
|l12=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q13=Which shape is the horse's pancreas?
−
*'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine'''''
+
|a13=Triangular
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l13=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine
−
|-
+
|q14=What is the main target tissue of glucagon?
−
|<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans'''
+
|a14=Liver
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l14=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
*'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells'''''
+
|q15=What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a15=Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
−
|-
+
|l15=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
|<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?'''
+
|q16=Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a16=Pyruvate kinase
−
*'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level'''''
+
|l16=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q17=How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?
−
|-
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|a17=Phosphorylation via PKA
−
|<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?'''
+
|l17=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q18=What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?
−
*'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion'''''
+
|a18=Increases β oxidation of fatty acids
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l18=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
|-
+
|q19=What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?
−
|<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?'''
+
|a19=Increases the rate of protein catabolism
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l19=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
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*'''''Increases it'''''
+
|q20=How may ketosis occur during fasting?
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a20=The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies
−
|-
+
|l20=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
−
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?'''
+
|q21=Describe the structure of insulin.
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a21=A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges
−
*'''''Catabolic'''''
+
|l21=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q22=Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.
−
|-
+
|a22=Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin
−
|<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?'''
+
|l22=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q23=How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?
−
*'''''Liver'''''
+
|a23=It causes expression of GLUT 4
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l23=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
−
|-
+
|q24=What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?
−
|<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?'''
+
|a24=Increases it in all cells
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l24=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
−
*'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue'''''
+
|q25=What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a25=Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria
−
|-
+
|l25=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
−
|<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?'''
+
|q26=What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a26=β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism
−
*'''''Pyruvate kinase'''''
+
|l26=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q27=How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?
−
|-
+
|a27=One, the pancreatic duct
−
|<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?'''
+
|l27=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q28=In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?
−
*'''''Phosphorylation via PKA'''''
+
|a28=Ruminants
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l28=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants
−
|-
+
|q29=What are the two types of diabetes in cats?
−
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?'''
+
|a29=IDDM and NIDDM
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l29=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
−
*'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids'''''
+
|q30=What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a30=Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)
−
|-
+
|l30=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
−
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?'''
+
|q31=Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a31=CCK, secretin and gastrin
−
*'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism'''''
+
|l31=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q32=Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?
−
|-
+
|a32=Pancreatoduodenal
−
|<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?'''
+
|l32=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q33=Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.
−
*'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies'''''
+
|a33=Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l33=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
−
|-
+
|q34=What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?
−
|<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.'''
+
|a34=Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l34=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
−
*'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges'''''
+
|q35=Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a35=δ cells
−
|-
+
|l35=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
−
|<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.'''
+
|q36=Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a36=Mesoduodenum
−
*'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin'''''
+
|l36=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q37=In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?
−
|-
+
|a37=Accessory
−
|<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?'''
+
|l37=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
</FlashCard>
−
*'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Increases it in all cells'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''IDDM and NIDDM'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Pancreatoduodenal'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''δ cells'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Mesoduodenum'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Accessory'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''One, the pancreatic duct'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Ruminants'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Triangular'''''
 
−
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|}
 
−
<br>
 
−
<br>
 
−
<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
 
−
<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS''']]</center></big>
 
−
<big><center>[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO THE PANCREAS''']]</center></big>
 

Revision as of 00:27, 18 February 2010

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()Map ALIMENTARY SYSTEM (Map)
ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS
PANCREAS


Question Answer Article
What type of gland is the pancreas? Link to Article
From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from? Link to Article
Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud? Link to Article
Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into? Link to Article
What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas? Link to Article
Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas? Link to Article
Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised? Link to Article
Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans Link to Article
What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do? Link to Article
What is the function of somatostatin? Link to Article
What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion? Link to Article
What effect does glucagon have on body reserves? Link to Article
Which shape is the horse's pancreas? Link to Article
What is the main target tissue of glucagon? Link to Article
What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on? Link to Article
Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis? Link to Article
How does glucagon inactivate this enyme? Link to Article
What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue? Link to Article
What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle? Link to Article
How may ketosis occur during fasting? Link to Article
Describe the structure of insulin. Link to Article
Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released. Link to Article
How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle? Link to Article
What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate? Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus? Link to Article
What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs? Link to Article
How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have? Link to Article
In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice? Link to Article
What are the two types of diabetes in cats? Link to Article
What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas? Link to Article
Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion? Link to Article
Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into? Link to Article
Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas. Link to Article
What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells? Link to Article
Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin? Link to Article
Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits? Link to Article
In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger? Link to Article


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