Difference between revisions of "Respiratory Viral Infections"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections]]
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|backcolour = D1EEEE
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|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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|pagetype =Pathology
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|sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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}}
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<br>
 +
==In general==
 +
 
 +
*Some viruses are thought to induce modifications of the pulmonary defences by:
 +
**Damaging the upper respiratory tract, thereby facilitating bacterial attachment and colonisation, with reduced [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
 +
**Decreasing surfactant levels by destroying Type 2 pneu[[Monocytes - WikiBlood]]
 +
**Impairing the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==In Dogs==
 +
 
 +
===Canine distemper===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
 +
*Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
 +
*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
 +
*Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
 +
*May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages
 +
*Gross pathology:
 +
**Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia
 +
*Micro pathology:
 +
**Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Parainfluenza- 2===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Infectious canine tracheitis===
 +
*Synonyms: '''Kennel cough''', '''Infectious tracheobronchitis'''
 +
*[[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
 +
*Multiple agents implicated:
 +
**[[Adenoviridae|Canine adenovirus-2]]
 +
**[[Paramyxoviridae|Canine parainfluenza-2 virus]]
 +
**[[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|Canine distemper virus]]
 +
**[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchoseptica'']]
 +
*Symptoms are of a persistent, non-productive cough
 +
*Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
 +
*The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur
 +
*In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Rhinitis|rhinitis]]
 +
*Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis)
 +
*Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
 +
 
 +
===Canine adenovirus===
 +
[[Image:Adenovirus pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
 +
*Usually mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]], necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, oedema, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
 +
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient dogs ([[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper]])
 +
*Can be associated with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|kennel cough]] described above
 +
 
 +
===Canine herpes virus===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by [[Herpesviridae|canine herpes virus 1]]
 +
*Part of '''fading puppy syndrome'''
 +
*Presents with necrotising [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhino]][[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and secondary [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] in older dogs
 +
*Seems to be common subclinically
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Canine respiratory coronavirus===
 +
 
 +
*(CRCV)
 +
*Shown to be involved in an outbreak of disease in large kennels with rapidly changing population and high incidence of respiratory disease
 +
*Erles, K., Toomey, C. ''et al.''(2003) "Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease." Virology '''310'''(2):216-223
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==In Cats==
 +
 
 +
===Feline viral rhinotracheitis===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]
 +
*Tends to be more [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
 +
*Feline herpesvirus -1
 +
**One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
 +
***Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex. The most frequent aetiologic agent is [[Herpesviridae|FHV-1]], and less frequently [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]] and/or [[Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species|''Chlamydophila psittaci'']] (NB: previously called ''Chlamydia psittaci'' var felis)
 +
*All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
 +
*Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
 +
*''C.psittaci'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
 +
*Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusion bodies]]
 +
*Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
 +
*FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
 +
*Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
 +
*Mortality may be high in young kittens, debilitated and immune-suppressed animals, usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Feline calicivirus===
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent: [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
 +
*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
 +
*Lesions present may include [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
 +
*Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above
 +
 
 +
==In Horses==
 +
[[Image:Equine respiratory viruses concept map.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Equine respiratory viruses Concept Map (Courtesy of B. Stanikova)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
===Equine rhinovirus===
 +
*Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|equine rhinovirus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]]
 +
*Most common in young horses
 +
*May cause acute upper respiratory disease
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Equine influenza===
 +
*Causative agent: [[Orthomyxoviridae|equine influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
 +
*Pathogenesis:
 +
**Inhalation -> replication in epithelial cells of upper and lower airways (attaches  via haemaglutinin spike and gains entry into cell) -> neuramidase alters efficiency of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary apparatus]]
 +
*Sloughing of the affected area
 +
*Severity of signs will depend on dose of virus
 +
*Acute [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] with coughing, and fever
 +
*May be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections
 +
*No viraemia
 +
*In severe cases may cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 +
*Secondary invaders are usually [[Streptococci|''Streptococci'']]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Equine rhinopneumonitis ===
 +
*Causative agent: [[Herpesviridae|equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4]]
 +
*Primary viral lesions in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|nasal mucosa]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]]
 +
*Mild, transient [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 +
*Latent infection acting as a reservoir
 +
*Sites of latency: bronchial lymph nodes and trigeminal ganglia
 +
*Replicates in upper respiratory tract epithelium
 +
*Disseminated to lower respiratory tract
 +
*Transported to other organs in T-lymphocytes - viraemia up to 3 weeks
 +
*Vasculitis, abortion
 +
*May be accompanied by secondary bacterial infection
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)===
 +
*Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
 +
*Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
 +
*Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
 +
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
 +
*Transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes through direct contact with infected horse or its secretions
 +
*Stallion are a reservoir of infection as they are chronic shedders
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Equine adenovirus===
 +
[[Image:Adenovirus in equine lung.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus in equine lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
 +
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**[[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region
 +
**Mucopurulent exudate in airways
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Severe bronchiolitis, necrotising -> proliferative
 +
**Bronchiolar obstruction by sloughed debri and neutrophils -> alveolar atelectasis
 +
*May lead to secondary bacterial infections
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===African horse sickness===
 +
[[Image:Lung oedema in African horse sickness.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Lung oedema in African horse sickness (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*Caused by [[Reoviridae|orbivirus]], family reoviridae
 +
*Respiratory distress or cardiovascular failure
 +
*Rapid death due to massive [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]]
 +
*[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Degenerative - Pathology#Hydrothorax|Hydrothorax]] may also develop
 +
*Large amounts of froth present in airways
 +
 
 +
===Hendra virus===
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent [[Paramyxoviridae|equine morbillivirus]]
 +
*Oedematous lungs with distention of [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleura]]
 +
*Micro: diffuse [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|alveolar oedema]], syncytial cells
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==In Cattle==
 +
 
 +
===Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)===
 +
[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']]
 +
*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
 +
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
 +
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
 +
*Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
 +
*Early stages (only first few days) may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracellular inclusions]] in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
 +
*Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent
 +
*With secondary bacterial infection (eg: [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|Pasturella spp.]], [[Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma spp.]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium necrophorum]]) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Aspiration pneumonia|inhalation pneumonia]]... death
 +
*Underlying hyperaemic inflammatory response
 +
*Can become latent following primary infection
 +
*Clinical signs:nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
 +
*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the [[Oesophagus - Pathology#Erosive & Ulcerative Pathology|oesophagus]] and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
 +
*Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
 +
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Parainfluenza- 3===
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent: [[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|parainfluenza- 3 virus]] (PI3)
 +
*On its own causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
 +
*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
 +
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 +
*Early stages may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusions]]
 +
*The resulting exudate is predominantly neutrophilic
 +
*Positive confirmation lies in a Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) to the specific virus on frozen sections of tissue
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Bovine adenovirus===
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent: [[Adenoviridae|bovine adenovirus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
 +
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Respiratory syncytial virus===
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent [[Paramyxoviridae|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]], synonym: bovine RSV (BRSV)
 +
*Outbreaks of RSV associated disease usually occur associated with winter housing
 +
*Gross pathology in severe cases
 +
**Cranioventral [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]] and consolidation
 +
**[[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|Interstitial emphysema]]
 +
***More prominent in the caudal lung lobes
 +
***Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from [[Mast Cells - WikiBlood|mast cell]] degranulation and histamine release
 +
*Histologically
 +
**[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis|Acute bronchiolitis]], characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells  (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies]]), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected
 +
**Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation
 +
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 +
 
 +
===Bovine rhinovirus===
 +
 
 +
*Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|bovine rhinovirus]]
 +
*May cause mild respiratory disease
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==In Sheep==
 +
 
 +
===Maedi Visna===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by a [[Retroviridae|retrovirus]]
 +
*The respiratory from of the disease caused by maedi-visna virus (Maedi) is also called '''lymphoid interstitial pneumonia'''
 +
*Transmitted by close contact and via milk
 +
*The pulmonary lesions develop very slowly hence this disease is uncommon in sheep < 2 years old
 +
*Increased respiratory rate upon exertion, loss of weight
 +
*Remains in [[Monocytes - WikiBlood]] and macrophages
 +
*Gross findings
 +
**Severe [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]]
 +
**Lungs fail to collapse properly on opening the chest and can weigh more than twice the normal weight
 +
**Impressions of the ribs remain on the visceral pleura
 +
**Lungs are a mottled grey/ tan colour - the lesions can vary from irregular grey speckling to homogeneous grey consolidation
 +
**Rubbery in consistence
 +
**Diaphragmatic lobes most affected
 +
**Associated bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are often enlarged
 +
*Histologically
 +
**Major features are extensive lymphoid proliferation around perivascular, peribronchial and peribronchiolar sheaths associated with pulmonary lymphatics
 +
**Many of these areas contain germinal centres and smooth muscle hyperplasia (in walls of terminal bronchioles and alveoli)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Parainfluenza -3===
 +
 
 +
*As in [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|cattle]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Pulmonary adenomatosis===
 +
 
 +
*See [[Lungs Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA/ Jaagsiekte)|neoplasia]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==In Goats==
 +
 
 +
===Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by [[Retroviridae|retrovirus (lentivirus)]] similar to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Maedi Visna|Maedi Visna]] in sheep described above
 +
*Two forms:
 +
**Non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis in young goats and kids
 +
**Chronic, non-suppurative arthritis-synovitis in adult goats
 +
*Also causes [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] which tends to be obscured by other clinical signs
 +
*Gross pathology:
 +
**Mainly caudal lobes
 +
**Lungs are firm, grey-pink with grey-white focal lesions on cut surface
 +
*Micro pathology:
 +
**Thickened alveolar wall
 +
**Lymphocyte infiltration and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
 +
*Can be confused with or coexisting with [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==In Pigs==
 +
 
 +
===Inclusion body rhinitis===
 +
[[Image:Inclusion body rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Inclusion body rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']]
 +
*Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
 +
*Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old)
 +
*May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 +
*Morbitity high, mortality low
 +
*Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection)
 +
*Histology:
 +
**Large basophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intranuclear inclusion bodies]] in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
 +
**Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium
 +
*Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium
 +
**Usually younger piglets, can die during this phase
 +
*Usually resolves if uncomplicated but rhinitis may persist if secondary infection is present
 +
*May persist in pulmonary macrophages
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Swine influenza===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae|Swine influenza virus]]
 +
*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 +
*Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**[[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|Tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]], airway obstruction -> [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
 +
**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleura]] normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate
 +
**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleural cavity]] filled with excess fluid
 +
**Lung lesions
 +
***Clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes
 +
***[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Acute inflammation of mucosa of trachea and bronchi
 +
*Zoonotic
 +
*Circumstantial evidence of mutation from human strain
 +
*Migrating [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Ascaris suum|ascarids]] thought to precipitate the disease, reservoir of infection in earthworms containing infected lungworm larvae
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome===
 +
 
 +
*The syndrome is caused by a small enveloped RNA virus which belongs to the new [[Arteriviridae|Arteriviridae]] group
 +
*Replicates in and destroys macrophages and endothelial cells causing vasculitis -> viraemia -> virus shedding (nasal secretions, faeces)
 +
*Clinical signs: respiratory and reproductive failure, weaned pigs, tachypnoea, eyelid oedema, conjunctivitis
 +
*Moderate to severe interstitial [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in the cranial lobe
 +
*Superimposed bacterial infections are common
 +
*Infectious disease in swine that emerged 10 years ago
 +
*Today, PRRS is endemic in many if not all the pig-producing countries
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by a [[Circoviridae|porcine circovirus]] alone or in combination with [[Parvoviridae|porcine parvovirus]]
 +
*May cause mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]], failure of lungs to collpse on opening the thoracic cavity
 +
*Microscopically: thickening of alveolar wall due to type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by a [[Coronaviridae|coronavirus]]
 +
*Usually mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] unless complicated by other agents
 +
*Virus replicates in epithelial lining of airways

Revision as of 17:37, 23 February 2010


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()Map CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Map)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION



In general

  • Some viruses are thought to induce modifications of the pulmonary defences by:
    • Damaging the upper respiratory tract, thereby facilitating bacterial attachment and colonisation, with reduced mucociliary clearance
    • Decreasing surfactant levels by destroying Type 2 pneuMonocytes - WikiBlood
    • Impairing the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages


In Dogs

Canine distemper

  • Caused by a morbillivirus
  • Rhinitis
  • Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
  • A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, pharyngitis and bronchitis is relatively common in the initial stages
  • Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
  • May cause interstitial pneumonia where inclusions are found within alveolar macrophages
  • Gross pathology:
    • Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia
  • Micro pathology:
    • Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia


Parainfluenza- 2


Infectious canine tracheitis

Canine adenovirus

Adenovirus pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)

Canine herpes virus


Canine respiratory coronavirus

  • (CRCV)
  • Shown to be involved in an outbreak of disease in large kennels with rapidly changing population and high incidence of respiratory disease
  • Erles, K., Toomey, C. et al.(2003) "Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease." Virology 310(2):216-223


In Cats

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

  • Caused by a herpesvirus
  • Tends to be more rhinitis than tracheitis, may extend to sinusitis
  • Feline herpesvirus -1
    • One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
  • All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
  • Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
  • C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
  • Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies
  • Uncomplicated cases resolve in 2-3 weeks
  • FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress
  • Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis
  • Mortality may be high in young kittens, debilitated and immune-suppressed animals, usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.


Feline calicivirus

In Horses

Equine respiratory viruses Concept Map (Courtesy of B. Stanikova)

Equine rhinovirus


Equine influenza


Equine rhinopneumonitis

  • Causative agent: equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4
  • Primary viral lesions in nasal mucosa and lungs
  • Mild, transient bronchointerstitial pneumonia
  • Latent infection acting as a reservoir
  • Sites of latency: bronchial lymph nodes and trigeminal ganglia
  • Replicates in upper respiratory tract epithelium
  • Disseminated to lower respiratory tract
  • Transported to other organs in T-lymphocytes - viraemia up to 3 weeks
  • Vasculitis, abortion
  • May be accompanied by secondary bacterial infection


Equine viral arteritis (EVA)

  • Causative agent: equine arterivirus
  • Rhinitis, peripheral oedema, bronchitis/bronchiolitis, conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
  • Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
  • Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
  • Interstitial pneumonia
  • Transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes through direct contact with infected horse or its secretions
  • Stallion are a reservoir of infection as they are chronic shedders


Equine adenovirus

Adenovirus in equine lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Adenoviridae
  • May cause necrotising bronchiolitis in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
  • Grossly:
    • Atelectasis and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region
    • Mucopurulent exudate in airways
  • Histologically:
    • Severe bronchiolitis, necrotising -> proliferative
    • Bronchiolar obstruction by sloughed debri and neutrophils -> alveolar atelectasis
  • May lead to secondary bacterial infections


African horse sickness

Lung oedema in African horse sickness (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Caused by orbivirus, family reoviridae
  • Respiratory distress or cardiovascular failure
  • Rapid death due to massive pulmonary oedema
  • Hydrothorax may also develop
  • Large amounts of froth present in airways

Hendra virus


In Cattle

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Causative agent is bovine herpesvirus, type 1
  • URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
  • Rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis
  • Morbidity is high, mortality is low
  • Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
  • Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
  • Early stages (only first few days) may show intracellular inclusions in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
  • Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent
  • With secondary bacterial infection (eg: Pasturella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... inhalation pneumonia... death
  • Underlying hyperaemic inflammatory response
  • Can become latent following primary infection
  • Clinical signs:nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
  • Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
  • Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
  • May contribute to Enzootic pneumonia of calves


Parainfluenza- 3


Bovine adenovirus


Respiratory syncytial virus

  • Causative agent Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), synonym: bovine RSV (BRSV)
  • Outbreaks of RSV associated disease usually occur associated with winter housing
  • Gross pathology in severe cases
    • Cranioventral atelectasis and consolidation
    • Interstitial emphysema
      • More prominent in the caudal lung lobes
      • Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from mast cell degranulation and histamine release
  • Histologically
    • Acute bronchiolitis, characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected
    • Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation
  • May contribute to Enzootic pneumonia of calves

Bovine rhinovirus


In Sheep

Maedi Visna

  • Caused by a retrovirus
  • The respiratory from of the disease caused by maedi-visna virus (Maedi) is also called lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
  • Transmitted by close contact and via milk
  • The pulmonary lesions develop very slowly hence this disease is uncommon in sheep < 2 years old
  • Increased respiratory rate upon exertion, loss of weight
  • Remains in Monocytes - WikiBlood and macrophages
  • Gross findings
    • Severe interstitial pneumonia
    • Lungs fail to collapse properly on opening the chest and can weigh more than twice the normal weight
    • Impressions of the ribs remain on the visceral pleura
    • Lungs are a mottled grey/ tan colour - the lesions can vary from irregular grey speckling to homogeneous grey consolidation
    • Rubbery in consistence
    • Diaphragmatic lobes most affected
    • Associated bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are often enlarged
  • Histologically
    • Major features are extensive lymphoid proliferation around perivascular, peribronchial and peribronchiolar sheaths associated with pulmonary lymphatics
    • Many of these areas contain germinal centres and smooth muscle hyperplasia (in walls of terminal bronchioles and alveoli)


Parainfluenza -3


Pulmonary adenomatosis


In Goats

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)

  • Caused by retrovirus (lentivirus) similar to Maedi Visna in sheep described above
  • Two forms:
    • Non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis in young goats and kids
    • Chronic, non-suppurative arthritis-synovitis in adult goats
  • Also causes interstitial pneumonia which tends to be obscured by other clinical signs
  • Gross pathology:
    • Mainly caudal lobes
    • Lungs are firm, grey-pink with grey-white focal lesions on cut surface
  • Micro pathology:
    • Thickened alveolar wall
    • Lymphocyte infiltration and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
  • Can be confused with or coexisting with Parasitic pneumonia


In Pigs

Inclusion body rhinitis

Inclusion body rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus
  • Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
  • Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute rhinitis (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old)
  • May progress to sinusitis, otitis media or pneumonia
  • Morbitity high, mortality low
  • Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection)
  • Histology:
    • Large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
    • Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium
  • Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium
    • Usually younger piglets, can die during this phase
  • Usually resolves if uncomplicated but rhinitis may persist if secondary infection is present
  • May persist in pulmonary macrophages


Swine influenza

  • Caused by Swine influenza virus
  • Rhinitis, may progress to pneumonia
  • Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
  • Grossly:
  • Histologically:
    • Acute inflammation of mucosa of trachea and bronchi
  • Zoonotic
  • Circumstantial evidence of mutation from human strain
  • Migrating ascarids thought to precipitate the disease, reservoir of infection in earthworms containing infected lungworm larvae


Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

  • The syndrome is caused by a small enveloped RNA virus which belongs to the new Arteriviridae group
  • Replicates in and destroys macrophages and endothelial cells causing vasculitis -> viraemia -> virus shedding (nasal secretions, faeces)
  • Clinical signs: respiratory and reproductive failure, weaned pigs, tachypnoea, eyelid oedema, conjunctivitis
  • Moderate to severe interstitial pneumonia in the cranial lobe
  • Superimposed bacterial infections are common
  • Infectious disease in swine that emerged 10 years ago
  • Today, PRRS is endemic in many if not all the pig-producing countries


Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)


Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)

  • Caused by a coronavirus
  • Usually mild pneumonia unless complicated by other agents
  • Virus replicates in epithelial lining of airways