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| + | ==Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia== |
| − | Also known as: '''''Pericardio-Peritoneo-Diaphragmatic Hernia — PPDH — Pericardiopaeritoneal (Diaphragmatic) Hernia
| + | See [[Hernia]] |
| | + | *More commonly seen possibly due to longer survival |
| | + | *Sometimes associated with cardiac abnormalities, malformations of sternum, costochondral junctions or umbilical hernia |
| | + | *Sometimes present with respiratory difficulty, failure to thrive, [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] |
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| − | ==Introduction==
| + | Represents an embryological malformation of the ventral midline with communication to varying degress of the pericardial sac and the [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]]. Often associated with other malformations for example sternal deformities and [[Heart and Great Vessels Development - Pathology#Ventricular_Septal_Defect|ventricular septal defects]]. |
| − | Pericardio-Peritoneo-Diaphragmatic Hernia (PPDH) is a congenital abnormality characterised by incomplete formation of the septum transversum during early embryonic development, meaning that the peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac remain '''continuous''' in later life. The defect may also result from a failure of the septum transversum to fuse with the pleuroperitoneal folds. Since the diaphragm (which is formed by the septum transversum) does not separate the two cavities, abdominal organs are able to move '''into the pericardial sac'''. '''Liver''' is most commonly herniated, followed by small intestine, spleen and stomach.
| + | Usually results in gastrointestinal or respiratory signs. |
| − | | + | Visible radiologically as a round cardiac silhouette which merges with the diaphragm. The trachea will be displaced dorsally. Intestines may be visible on radiographs. Repaired surgically. |
| − | Clinical signs may appear at any age, but cases are usually diagnosed before the age of 4. Some animals never develop clinical signs, and PPDH is an '''incidental finding'''.
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | The defect may be inherited in the Weimaraner breed and it occurs most commonly in Himalayan and Domestic Long Hair cats. It is often accompanied by other congenital defects, such as umbilical hernias, sternal malformations, cardiac septal defects and pulmonary vascular anomalies.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | The disease is frequently asymptomatic but clinical signs may include:
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| − | :'''Gastro-intestinal signs''', including vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, anorexia and weight loss.
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| − | :'''Respiratory distress''' may occur if abdominal contents occupy a large amount of the thoracic cavity.
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| − | :'''Cardiac signs''' are unusual but [[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]] (with right-sided heart failure) may develop if abdominal organs are incarcerated in the pericardial sac. The heart sounds will be muffled on auscultation and borborygmi may be apparent. A heart murmur may be present if the animal has concurrent septal defects.
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| − | ===Diagnosis===
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| − | '''<u>Radiography</u>''':
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| − | On plain radiographs of the chest, the cardiac silhouette is enlarged and continuous with that of the diaphragm. If loops of small intestine have passed into the pericardial sac, areas of lucency may be apparent '''overlying''' the cardiac silhouette and, if necessary, this can be confirmed by a '''barium''' contrast study. The trachea may also be displaced dorsally. The liver cannot be identified in the abdomen.
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| − | In cats, an area of radio-opacity may be apparent in the area of the dorsal diaphragm on a lateral radiograph, referred to as the 'dorsal peritoneo-pericardial remnant.'
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| − | '''<u>Ultrasonography</u>''':
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| − | Definitive diagnosis generally relies on the identification of abdominal organs within the pericardial sac. Septal defects may also be diagnosed during the scan.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | If the animal is showing few clinical signs or if the hernia is discovered incidentally, '''conservative treatment''' may be all that is required.
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| − | In animals showing overt clinical signs, the abdominal organs can be retracted via a '''midline coeliotomy''' and the defect in the diaphragm can then be closed surgically. This is usually done with a single layer of sutures, starting dorsally and continuing ventrally. This procedure may trap air within the pericardium so it is important not to close the pericardium and to perform '''pericardiocentesis''' before closure of the abdominal incision. Even though organs may have been present in the pericardial sac for prolonged periods, it is rare for adhesions to form as these structures are in constant motion.
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | Generally, the prognosis after surgery is excellent.
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| − | A study assessing treatment regimes used in cats showed a post-operative mortality rate of 14%, whereas progressive disease was reported in 9% of those managed conservatively. This result may largely reflect the criteria used for determining whether a cat was a surgical candidate <ref>'''Reimer SB, Kyles AE, Filipowicz DE, Gregory CR''' Long-term outcome of cats treated conservatively or surgically for peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia: 66 cases (1987-2002) ''J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Mar 1;224(5):728-32''</ref>.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery Q&A 06]]
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| − | [[Cardiovascular Developmental Pathology Flashcards]]
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22PericardioPeritoneal%22%29+OR++title%3A%28%22Peritoneopericardial%22%29+++OR+title%3A%28PPDH%29 Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia publications]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | Reimer SB, Kyles AE, Filipowicz DE, Gregory CR '''Long-term outcome of cats treated conservatively or surgically for peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia: 66 cases (1987-2002)''' ''J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Mar 1;224(5):728-32''
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| − | Gorman N (1997) '''Canine Medicine and Therapeutics''' ''Blackwell Science'' Fourth Edition
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| − | Ware, W. (2007) '''Cardiovascular disease in small animal medicine''' ''Manson Publishing''
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| − | <references/>
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| | [[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Developmental_Pathology]] | | [[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Developmental_Pathology]] |
| − | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Developmental_Pathology]]
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| − | [[Category:Pericardial_Pathology]]
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| − | [[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Dog]]
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| − | [[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
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| − | [[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]]
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| − | [[Category:Muscles - Developmental Pathology]]
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| − | [[Category:Cardiology Section]]
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