Difference between revisions of "Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
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{{review}}
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{{toplink
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|backcolour = D1EEEE
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|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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|pagetype =Pathology
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|sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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}}
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<br>
 +
==In Dogs==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==='''''[[Filaroides osleri]]'''''===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===''[[Linguatula serrata]]''===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===''[[Angiostrongylus vasorum]]''===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]''===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Capillaria|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Toxoplasmosis===
 +
 
 +
*Caused by [[Toxiplasma|''Toxoplasma gondii'']]
 +
*Cats are definitive hosts but other species may become intermediate hosts if they ingest the oocysts
 +
*Usually induces antibody response but remains silent clinically
 +
*Often show clinical signs when immunosuppressed
 +
*Involves many different tissues
 +
*Multifocal necrotising [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]]
 +
*Proliferation of type II pneumocytes
 +
*Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration
 +
 
 +
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Crenosoma vulpis'']]===
 +
 
 +
*Mainly parasite of foxes but dogs may become infected from snails and slugs
 +
*Adults in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|small bronchi and bronchioles]]
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Greyish lesions and consolidation in dorsal aspect of caudal lung lobes
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Catharral, eosinophilic bronchitis ans bronchiolitis
 +
 
 +
==In Cats==
 +
 
 +
*Useful websites:
 +
**[http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/ddb_resp/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 Cat and dog respiratory parasites (part 1)] - Nasal Mucosa and Sinuses, and Respiratory Parenchyma
 +
**[http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/ddb_resp2/chapter_frm.asp Cat and dog respiratory parasites (part 2)] - Trachea and Bronchi, and Pulmonary Vessels
 +
 
 +
===[[Crustacea|''Linguatula serrata'']]===
 +
*As in dogs above
 +
 
 +
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Aelurostrongylus abstrussus'']]===
 +
 
 +
*Live in [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|lung parenchyma]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|small bronchioles]]
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Firm yellow nodules scattered throughout parenchyma, more frequently at periphery
 +
*Microscopically:
 +
**Eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells)
 +
**Submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls
 +
*Associated clinical signs are mild although heavy infestations may -> chronic coughing
 +
*The airway eosinophilia which may be detected can be confused with a diagnosis of asthma
 +
 
 +
===[[Filarioidea|''Dirofilaria immitis'']]===
 +
*As in dogs above
 +
*Not very infective in cats but one dead adult causes acute pulmonary crisis - [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Embolism, thrombosis and infarction|thromboembolism]]
 +
 
 +
===[[Trichinelloidea|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
 +
*As in dogs above
 +
 
 +
==In Horses==
 +
 
 +
===[[Ascaridoidea|''Parascaris equorum'']]===
 +
*Causes transient [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal discharge]] when migrating through [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]]
 +
**Foals and weanlings
 +
 
 +
===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'']]===
 +
*Found in smaller [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]]
 +
*Cause of chronic cough
 +
*Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
 +
*Gross pathology:
 +
**Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
 +
**Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
 +
**Coiled worms in small bronchi
 +
**Peribronchial cuffing
 +
**In caudal lung lobes
 +
*Histologically
 +
**Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
 +
**Goblet cell hyperplasia
 +
**Lymphoid cell infiltration
 +
*In [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]], the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity
 +
 
 +
===[[Coccidia|''Besnoitia bennetti'']]===
 +
 
 +
*Papilloma like lesions in [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]], skin and sclera
 +
*Thick walled parasitic cysts, covered by hyperplastic epithelium, may be ulcerated
 +
 
 +
==In Cattle==
 +
 
 +
===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']]===
 +
[[Image:Dictyocaulus viviparus.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
[[Image:Parasitic bronchitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
*Found in [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|large bronchi]]
 +
*Causes parasitic bronchitis, synonyms: bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose
 +
*Primary infection:
 +
**Penetration phase (week 1)
 +
***Larvae migrate to lungs, no clinical signs
 +
**Prepatent phase (weeks 1-3)
 +
***Development and migration of larvae -> [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] -> eosinophilic exudate -> air passage blocked -> alveolar collapse (distal to blockage) -> clinical signs (tachypnoea, coughing)
 +
**Patent phase (weeks 4-8)
 +
***Egg-producing mature worms
 +
***[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchitis|Bronchitis]] - due to mature worms
 +
***[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]] - due to aspiration of eggs and larvae -> cellular infiltration of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], macrophages, giant cells
 +
**Postpatent phase (weeks 8-12)
 +
***Majority of worms are expelled
 +
***In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation
 +
***May be together with [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|interstitial emphysema]] and [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]], or secondary bacterial infection
 +
*Reinfection syndrome:
 +
**Immune cattle show clinical signs only if exposed to large numbers
 +
**Pathogenesis - large numbers of larvae reach bronchioles where they are killed by immune response
 +
**Pathology - parasite granulomata (grey-green, 5mm diameter, macrophages, giant cells, eosinophils) and eosinophilic plugs in bronchioles
 +
<small>Above from RVC Parasitology study guide (2005-2006)</small>
 +
*Preferentially in dorsocaudaland ventrocaudal regions
 +
 
 +
*Histologically
 +
**Bronchial epithelium may show hyperplasia due to the chronic irritation
 +
**Cross-sections of the parasites
 +
**Exudate contains many eosinophils
 +
**Foci of necrosis in the rest of the lung tissue due to aspiration of eggs and larvae fromhese adults
 +
**In mild infestations, the adults are normally expelled in two months - self cure
 +
*Repeated infestation and secondary bacterial infection are common
 +
 
 +
*Two other types of lesion in lung tissue due to this worm have been reported:
 +
**Nodules (2-4mm in diameter) with greenish centres in the reinfection of an immune animal - the host mounting a successful defence and preventing larval migration
 +
**Pulmonary oedema and emphysema - thought to be a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of larvae in previously- sensitised animals - the gross and microscopic appearance is similar to that of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema (ABPEE)|fog fever]]
 +
 
 +
===Hydatid cysts===
 +
[[Image:Echinococcus cysts.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Echinococcus cysts (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*The intermediate stage of [[Cestodes|''Echinococcus granulosus'']] can be found in the lungs of many species, most commonly in lungs of cattle and sheep
 +
*They range in size up to 5-10 cm diameter and although of little clinical significance, are important as a zoonosis (can be upto football size in man) and because of carcass condemnation
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Strongyloidea|''Syngamus laryngeus'']]===
 +
 
 +
*In [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]] of cattle in Asia and South America
 +
 
 +
==In Sheep==
 +
 
 +
===Hydatid cysts===
 +
 
 +
As in cattle (above)
 +
 
 +
===[[Insecta|''Oestrus ovis'']]===
 +
*Larvae in the [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]] of sheep and goats = Nasal bots
 +
*Causes reaction in [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinuses]]
 +
[[Media:Oestrus ovis.mp4]]
 +
 
 +
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Protostrongylus'' spp.]]===
 +
*Adult worms block small [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles]] resulting in accumulation of eggs, larvae and cellular debri distal to the blockage
 +
*Lesions resemble [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus filaria|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']] but are fewer in numbers, lobular and at periphery of caudal lobes, they are very similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Muellerius capillaris|''Muellerius capillaris'']] lesions
 +
 
 +
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Muellerius capillaris'']]===
 +
 
 +
*Common in sheep and goats
 +
*Rarely any clinical significance
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Multifocal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] grossly evident as firm "lead-shot" nodules throughout the parenchyma, often with enveloping granulomatous response
 +
**Early stages are reddish in colour, turning later to greyish green, may calcify
 +
**Mostly in dorsal region of caudal lung lobes
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Damaged alveolar septa with mild fibrous thickening and lymphocytic infiltrate
 +
**In more developed host resistance, foci of eosinophils around larvae, hyperplastic epithelium, macrophages, giant cells
 +
**May be some calcification
 +
 
 +
===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']]===
 +
 
 +
*Most susceptible when first exposed to contaminated pasture
 +
*Animals < 1 year old
 +
*Pathogenesis and pathology similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus viviparus|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']] in cattle
 +
*[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|Bronchitis]]
 +
 
 +
==In Pigs==
 +
 
 +
===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Metastrongylus'' spp.]]===
 +
 
 +
*Found in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles and smaller bronchi]]
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Small grey nodules, especially along ventral border of caudal lobes
 +
**Adult worms in bronchi and bronchioles
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Catarrhal and eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis
 +
**Possibly [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
 +
*Rarely becomes extensive
 +
*May transmit [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|swine influenza]]
 +
 
 +
===[[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]===
 +
 
 +
*May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|parasitic pneumonia]] during a part of its migration
 +
*Larvae may be infected with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
 +
*May cause severe pneumonia in calves housed where infected pigs were housed previously
 +
*Cause diffuse [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with haemorrhage, [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]], [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|interlobular oedema]] and [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|emphysema]]

Revision as of 14:50, 30 June 2010

 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.


WikiPathWikiPath Banner.png
()Map CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Map)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION



In Dogs

Filaroides osleri

Linguatula serrata

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Dirofilaria immitis

Capillaria aerophila

Toxoplasmosis

  • Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
  • Cats are definitive hosts but other species may become intermediate hosts if they ingest the oocysts
  • Usually induces antibody response but remains silent clinically
  • Often show clinical signs when immunosuppressed
  • Involves many different tissues
  • Multifocal necrotising interstitial pneumonia
  • Proliferation of type II pneumocytes
  • Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration

Crenosoma vulpis

  • Mainly parasite of foxes but dogs may become infected from snails and slugs
  • Adults in small bronchi and bronchioles
  • Grossly:
    • Greyish lesions and consolidation in dorsal aspect of caudal lung lobes
  • Histologically:
    • Catharral, eosinophilic bronchitis ans bronchiolitis

In Cats

Linguatula serrata

  • As in dogs above

Aelurostrongylus abstrussus

  • Live in lung parenchyma and small bronchioles
  • Grossly:
    • Firm yellow nodules scattered throughout parenchyma, more frequently at periphery
  • Microscopically:
    • Eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells)
    • Submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls
  • Associated clinical signs are mild although heavy infestations may -> chronic coughing
  • The airway eosinophilia which may be detected can be confused with a diagnosis of asthma

Dirofilaria immitis

  • As in dogs above
  • Not very infective in cats but one dead adult causes acute pulmonary crisis - thromboembolism

Capillaria aerophila

  • As in dogs above

In Horses

Parascaris equorum

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

  • Found in smaller bronchi
  • Cause of chronic cough
  • Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
  • Gross pathology:
    • Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
    • Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
    • Coiled worms in small bronchi
    • Peribronchial cuffing
    • In caudal lung lobes
  • Histologically
    • Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
    • Goblet cell hyperplasia
    • Lymphoid cell infiltration
  • In horses, the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity

Besnoitia bennetti

  • Papilloma like lesions in larynx, skin and sclera
  • Thick walled parasitic cysts, covered by hyperplastic epithelium, may be ulcerated

In Cattle

Dictyocaulus viviparus

Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Found in trachea and large bronchi
  • Causes parasitic bronchitis, synonyms: bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose
  • Primary infection:
    • Penetration phase (week 1)
      • Larvae migrate to lungs, no clinical signs
    • Prepatent phase (weeks 1-3)
      • Development and migration of larvae -> bronchiolitis -> eosinophilic exudate -> air passage blocked -> alveolar collapse (distal to blockage) -> clinical signs (tachypnoea, coughing)
    • Patent phase (weeks 4-8)
    • Postpatent phase (weeks 8-12)
      • Majority of worms are expelled
      • In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation
      • May be together with interstitial emphysema and pulmonary oedema, or secondary bacterial infection
  • Reinfection syndrome:
    • Immune cattle show clinical signs only if exposed to large numbers
    • Pathogenesis - large numbers of larvae reach bronchioles where they are killed by immune response
    • Pathology - parasite granulomata (grey-green, 5mm diameter, macrophages, giant cells, eosinophils) and eosinophilic plugs in bronchioles

Above from RVC Parasitology study guide (2005-2006)

  • Preferentially in dorsocaudaland ventrocaudal regions
  • Histologically
    • Bronchial epithelium may show hyperplasia due to the chronic irritation
    • Cross-sections of the parasites
    • Exudate contains many eosinophils
    • Foci of necrosis in the rest of the lung tissue due to aspiration of eggs and larvae fromhese adults
    • In mild infestations, the adults are normally expelled in two months - self cure
  • Repeated infestation and secondary bacterial infection are common
  • Two other types of lesion in lung tissue due to this worm have been reported:
    • Nodules (2-4mm in diameter) with greenish centres in the reinfection of an immune animal - the host mounting a successful defence and preventing larval migration
    • Pulmonary oedema and emphysema - thought to be a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of larvae in previously- sensitised animals - the gross and microscopic appearance is similar to that of fog fever

Hydatid cysts

Echinococcus cysts (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • The intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus can be found in the lungs of many species, most commonly in lungs of cattle and sheep
  • They range in size up to 5-10 cm diameter and although of little clinical significance, are important as a zoonosis (can be upto football size in man) and because of carcass condemnation







Syngamus laryngeus

  • In larynx of cattle in Asia and South America

In Sheep

Hydatid cysts

As in cattle (above)

Oestrus ovis

Media:Oestrus ovis.mp4

Protostrongylus spp.

  • Adult worms block small bronchioles resulting in accumulation of eggs, larvae and cellular debri distal to the blockage
  • Lesions resemble Dictyocaulus filaria but are fewer in numbers, lobular and at periphery of caudal lobes, they are very similar to Muellerius capillaris lesions

Muellerius capillaris

  • Common in sheep and goats
  • Rarely any clinical significance
  • Grossly:
    • Multifocal interstitial pneumonia grossly evident as firm "lead-shot" nodules throughout the parenchyma, often with enveloping granulomatous response
    • Early stages are reddish in colour, turning later to greyish green, may calcify
    • Mostly in dorsal region of caudal lung lobes
  • Histologically:
    • Damaged alveolar septa with mild fibrous thickening and lymphocytic infiltrate
    • In more developed host resistance, foci of eosinophils around larvae, hyperplastic epithelium, macrophages, giant cells
    • May be some calcification

Dictyocaulus filaria

  • Most susceptible when first exposed to contaminated pasture
  • Animals < 1 year old
  • Pathogenesis and pathology similar to Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle
  • Bronchitis

In Pigs

Metastrongylus spp.

  • Found in bronchioles and smaller bronchi
  • Grossly:
    • Small grey nodules, especially along ventral border of caudal lobes
    • Adult worms in bronchi and bronchioles
  • Histologically:
    • Catarrhal and eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis
    • Possibly atelectasis
  • Rarely becomes extensive
  • May transmit swine influenza

Ascaris suum

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