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| + | *Synonyms: '''Kennel cough''', '''Infectious tracheobronchitis''' |
| − | Also known as: '''''Kennel Cough — Canine Respiratory Disease Complex — Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis — Infectious Canine Tracheitis'''''
| + | *[[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] |
| | + | *Multiple agents implicated: |
| | + | **[[Canine Adenovirus 2]] |
| | + | **[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2]] |
| | + | **[[Canine Distemper Virus]] |
| | + | **[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''Bordetella bronchoseptica'']] |
| | + | *Symptoms are of a persistent, non-productive cough |
| | + | *Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation |
| | + | *The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur |
| | + | *In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Rhinitis|rhinitis]] |
| | + | *Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis) |
| | + | *Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes |
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| − | ==Description==
| + | *''B. bronchiseptica'' acts as a primary pathogen in Infectious canine tracheitis |
| − | A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close contact causing laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases a rhinitis.
| + | *Frequently isolated from dogs with respiratory disease |
| | + | *Often found with viruses or mycoplasma |
| | + | *Adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea |
| | + | *Colonisation and proliferation in trachea |
| | + | *Releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents ciliary clearance |
| | + | *Irritation to tract causes coughing |
| | + | *Mortality rates low |
| | + | *Peribronchial inflammation and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] |
| | + | can result in unvaccinated puppies or immunosuppressed dogs |
| | + | *Severe pneumonia following secondary infection e.g. with [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]] |
| | + | *Fatal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] if occurs secondary to [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine distemper virus|canine distemper virus]] |
| | + | *Transmission via respiratory secretions by direct contact or aerosol and on fomites |
| | + | *Clinical signs: |
| | + | **Develop within 3-4 days; persist for up to 2 weeks |
| | + | **Coughing |
| | + | **Gagging |
| | + | **Mild serous oculonasal discharge |
| | + | *Treatments includes antibiotics if coughing persists or bronchopneumonia develops |
| | + | *Live intranasal vaccines |
| | + | *Also found in respiratory tract of cats; can cause pneumonia in kittens; vaccine available |
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| − | Multiple agents are implicated in the disease including [[Canine Adenovirus 1|Canine Adenovirus 1]], [[Canine Adenovirus 2|Canine Adenovirus 2]], [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Canine Herpes virus]], [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Canine Parainfluenza - 2]], [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine Distemper Virus]], [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma species]] and [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''Bordetella bronchoseptica'']]. Most cases involve a primary viral infection and sometimes with secondary bacterial involvement. ''B.bronchoseptica'' adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea where it proliferates and releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents[[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Mucociliary escalator| ciliary clearance]]. Mortality rates are very low and it is a common disease in dogs that are housed in groups.
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Affects dogs of all ages. Puppies and immunocompromised dogs are often worst affected.
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
| + | [[Category:Dog]] |
| − | ===History and Clinical Signs===
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| − | Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection.
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| − | Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. Affected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, [[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Nasal discharge|serous nasal discharge]] and lymphadenopathy are present.
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| − | The clinical signs typically persist from 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.
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| − | Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species| ''Pasturella'' species]] and [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'' bacteria]]. If widespread systemic signs are present infection with canine distemper virus should be suspected.
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| − | Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.
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| − | ===Laboratory Tests===
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| − | [[Canine Haematology|Haematology]] and [[Canine Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] will help to look for an underlying cause of disease in immunocomprommised animals. Additionally they may show signs of infection including a [[Neutrophilia|Neutrophilia]] sometimes with a left shift.
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| − | ===Radiography===
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| − | Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough.
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| − | ===Endoscopy===
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| − | Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses.
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| − | Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal increased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples should be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with a regime of strict rest for 7 days until coughing subsides.
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| − | Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness, fever, mucoid or mucopurulent nasal discharge, or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on these results otherwise [[Tetracyclines| doxycycline]], [[Macrolides and Lincosamides|erythromycin]], [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] or a [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides| potentiated sulphonamide]] are good choices.
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| − | Antitussives (Hydrocodone, Codeine....without acetaminophen) may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Do not use cough suppressants in patients with pulmonary infiltrates, rather encourage coughing and use expectorant such as bromhexine along with nebulization and coupage. Nebulization with saline, bronchodilators, and/or antibiotics can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions.
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| − | In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[Principles of Fluid Therapy |fluids]] and enteral feeding will be required.
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| − | Prednisone at an anti-inflammatory dose (0.5mg/kg BID, tapering) can be used to decrease tracheal inflammation and stop the cough-inflammation-infection cycle. Be careful to not use in animals that are ill or showing signs of pneumonia or systemic illness.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | [[Vaccines|Vaccines]] can prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by ''B. bronchiseptica'', parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Vaccinated animals can still contract the disease as multiple agents are implicated. Vaccines are available to be given systemically or intranasally. Intranasal vaccination provides mucosal [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] immunity and the presence of maternal antibodies do not affect actions of the vaccine..
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| − | It is important to practice good husbandry in areas where groups of dogs mix e.g boarding kennels . Ideally all animals should be vaccinated, any infected animals should be isolated to minimise the spread to unaffected animals and all fomites that have come into contact with an affected animal must be disinfected. Areas should be kept well ventilated and ideally animals should be kept in low population densities.
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | Good, generally self limiting.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Trachea_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Trachea Pathology Flashcards]]
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| − | |literature search =[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Canine+Infectious+Tracheobronchitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Kennel+Cough%22+%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Canine+respiratory+disease+complex%22+%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Infectious+Canine+Tracheobronchitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Infectious+Canine+tracheitis%22%29+ Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''' (6th edition, volume 2) ''W.B. Saunders Company''
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| − | Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) Merial
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Dog]] | |
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| | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]] |
| | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] |
| | [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | | [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] |
| − | [[Category:Expert_Review]]
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