Difference between revisions of "Leishmania"

Revision as of 11:00, 22 July 2010

Leishmania Life Cycle - Wikimedia Commons

Leishmania donovani in bone marrow cell - Dr. L.L. Moore, Jr.

L. tropica
Yutaka TsutsumiWikiMedia Commons

Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasites of macrophages

Are closely related to Trypanosoma spp.

Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals

Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and south America

Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases

Recognition

Ovoid shaped

Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast

Has a rudimentary flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin

After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the sand fly, the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body

Life Cycle

Transmitted by blood sucking sand flies
- Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World
- Lutzomyia spp. in the New World

The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate macrophages

Ingested by sand fly during feeding
- Transforms in insect gut

Multiplies and migrates to insect proboscis
- Inoculated during feeding
- Can be transmitted percutaneously if sand fly crushed on skin

Invades macrophages and reverts to amastigote

Multiplies by binary fission

Pathogenesis

Infection of vertebrate host
- Produces foci of proliferating Leishmania-infected macrophages in skin (cutaneous) or internal organs (visceral)

Very long incubation period
- Months to years

Many infected dogs are asymptomatic

Cutaneous form
- Produces areas of ulceration on pinnae of ears, eyelids or on the lips

Visceral form causes chronic wasting condition
- Generalised eczema
  - Loss of hair around eyes producing 'spectacle' effect
- Intermittent fever
- Generalised lymphadenopathy

Long periods of remission followed by recurrence of clinical signs is not uncommon in infections

Involved in skin infections

Epidemiology

Disease dependent on sand fly vectors
- E.g. Common in dogs around the Mediterranean coast, foci around southern Europe and around Madrid

Reservoirs of infection
- E.g. Wild animals such as rodents and stray dogs

Mechanisms of transmission
- sand fly bite
- Rarely through direct contact

Leishmaniasis in British dogs
- Susceptible to infection if exposed whilst abroad in endemic areas as have no immunity
- No sand flies in Britain but dogs have become infected whilst in contact with infected imported animals

Diagnosis

Demonstrate Leishmania organisms
- In skin scraping or smears
- In joint fluid, lymph node or bone marrow biopsies

Treatment and Control

Chemotherapy
- Prolonged treatment, expensive, suppresses infection
- Does not cure infection

Prevent sand flies biting
- Collars, sprays containing insecticide with repellent effect

Destruction of infected and stray dogs
- Sand flies biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
- There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact

In dogs

disseminated disease of the monocyte-macrophage system
protozoa; genus Leishmania
increased travel means clinincal disease may be acquired in endemic areas but now presents to veterinarians in non-endemic areas
lymph node aspirates contain macrophages with organisms

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
+{{review}}
-Causes: '''''Leishmaniasis'''''
-{{Taxobox
-|name =''Leishmania spp.''
-|kingdom =Eukaryota
-|sub-kingdom =
-|phylum =Euglenozoa
-|super-class =
-|class =Kinetoplastea
-|sub-class =
-|super-order =
-|order =Trypanosomatida
-|sub-order =
-|super-family =
-|family =Trypanosomatidae
-|sub-family =
-|genus =Leishmania
-|species =''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'', ''L.chagasi''
-}}
-==Overview==
 [[Image:Leishmania Life Cycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Leishmania Life Cycle - Wikimedia Commons]]
 [[Image:Leishmania donovani.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Leishmania donovani'' in bone marrow cell - Dr. L.L. Moore, Jr.]]
-[[Image:Leishmania tropica.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''L. tropica'' <p> Yutaka TsutsumiWikiMedia Commons]]
+[[Image:Leishmania tropica.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''L. tropica'' <br> Yutaka TsutsumiWikiMedia Commons]]
-''Leishmania spp.'' are intracellular parasites of [[Macrophage|macrophages]] from the same family as ''[[Trypanosoma]] spp.''. These organisms parasitise human, dogs and wild animals throughout southern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. The infection is transmitted by [[Psychodidae|sandflies]]. Infection can cause both cutaneous and visceral disease. Clinical disease cause by ''Leishmania'' is termed Leishmaniasis. Three types of ''Leishmania spp.'' are described;
+*''Leishmania'' spp. are intracellular parasites of [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
-# '''Hypopylaria''' - found in lizards that ingest the sandfly intermediate host. Development occurs in the hindgut of the fly.
-# '''Peripylaria''' - found in mammals and lizards, development occurs in the fore- and hindgut of the fly.
+*Are closely related to ''Trypanosoma'' spp.
-# '''Suprapylaria''' - found only in mammals transmitted by the bite of a sandfly, development occurs in the fore- and midgut of the fly.
+*Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals
+*Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and south America
+*Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases
+'''Recognition'''
+*Ovoid shaped
+*Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast
+*Has a rudimentary flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin
+*After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body
+'''Life Cycle'''
+*Transmitted by blood sucking [[Psychodidae|sand flies]]
+**''Phlebotomus'' spp. in the Old World
+**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
+*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
+*Ingested by [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
+**Transforms in [[Insecta|insect]] gut
+*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
+**Inoculated during feeding
+**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
+*Invades [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and reverts to amastigote
+*Multiplies by binary fission
-==Recognition==
+'''Pathogenesis'''
-''Leishmania spp.'' are ovoid shaped parasites containing a rod shaped 'kinetoplast'. The kinetoplast is associated with a rudimentary flagellum that does not extened beyond the cell margin. The position of the kinetoplast changes as the parasite changes between life stages. Once ingested by a sand fly the parasite takes the promastigote form and the kinetoplast moves to the posterior of the cell.
+*Infection of vertebrate host
+**Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''')
-==Life Cycle==
+*Very long incubation period
-The life cycle of ''Leishamania spp.'' requires transmission between mammalian (and occasionally reptile) hosts by a blood sucking fly. The [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] is the intermediate host, in the Old World the flies are of the genus ''Phlebotomus'' and in the New World they are of the genus ''Lutzomyia''.
+**Months to years
-The promastigote form which lacks a flagella is found in the vertebrate hosts [[Macrophage|macrophages]]. The amistgote is ingested by the sand fly whilst it feeds on the host, once ingested the ''Leishamnia'' will transform into the flagellated promastigote form in the insect gut. Replication by binary fission occurs in the insects gut followed by migration to the proboscis of the insect. The presence of ''Leishamnia'' in the insects proboscis allows inoculation of the next host on which the fly feeds with the ''Leishmania'' parasite. Crushing the sand fly on the skin of a mammal can allow percutaneous transmission.
+*Many infected dogs are asymptomatic
-Once inside the vertebrate host the ''Leishmania'' will invade the hosts [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and having done this revert to the amastigote form.
+*Cutaneous form
+**Produces areas of ulceration on pinnae of [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ears]], eyelids or on the [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]]
-==Pathogenesis==
+*Visceral form causes chronic wasting condition
-Infection with ''Leishmania'' can produce either cutaneous or visceral disease as the infected macrophages proliferate in foci. The cutaneous form of the disease produces areas of ulceration on the pinnae of the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ears]], eyelids or on the [[Lips|lips]]. These ulcerations can also be seen between the digits of the dogs paw. This is a parasitic infection of the [[Protozoal Dermatosis|skin]]. The visceral form causes a chronic wasting condition where generalised excema can be seen. Hair is lost from around the eyes giving the animal a 'spectacled' appearance. These symptoms are accompanied by an intermittent fever and some generalized lymphadenopathy.
+**Generalised eczema
+***Loss of hair around eyes producing 'spectacle' effect
+**Intermittent fever
+**Generalised lymphadenopathy
-There is a very long incubation period from infection to pathology, which can take years and therefore many infected dogs either never become symptomatic or remain so for a long period of time. Even once an animal has been treated for leishmaniasis it is not uncommon for clinical symptoms to recur after a lengthy period of remission.
+*Long periods of remission followed by recurrence of clinical signs is not uncommon in infections
-==Epidemiology==
+*Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]]
-The spread of the disease relies on the presence of the [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] as a vector. Therfore the regions in which it is found commonly are those in which conditions are suitable for the flies such as the Mediteranean coast, southern Europe as well as in central America and northern Africa. As these flies are very common in these regions, controlling their numbers has limited success, however due to control of [[Culicidae|mosquitos]] to prevent the spread of malaria, the number of sand flies has also been reduced and a reduction in the number of cases of leishmania has been noted. Although this parasite is of primary veterinary importance in dogs, large reservoirs exist in wild animals and stray dogs. This reservoir is easily accessed by the sand fly vector and compounds the issue of controlling the spread of the disease.
-Although the UK is not home to any species of sand fly, leishmaniasis is being observed more frequently in the domestic dog population. This has largely been attributed to the increase in the number of animals that travel to areas of Europe and north Africa where the disease is endemic. These animals often acquire the disease whilst abroad but may not show clinical signs until they have been back in the UK for a considerable length of time. There has however been some evidence to show that close contact between dogs can spread the disease, though this method of transmission is much less common.
+'''Epidemiology'''
+*Disease dependent on [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] vectors
+**E.g. Common in dogs around the Mediterranean coast, foci around southern Europe and around Madrid
-==Diagnosis==
+*Reservoirs of infection
-Definitive diagnosis of Leishmaniasis requires combining observation of the clinical signs and the demonstration of ''Leishmania'' organisms in the animal. In the cutaneous disease this may be done by microscopic analysis of skin scrapings from the animals. For diagnosis of the visceral disease samples of joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or  [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies may all contain macrophages that have been infected by the organisms.
+**E.g. Wild animals such as rodents and stray dogs
-Cytological examination of fine needle aspirates should show evidence of [[Lymph Node Abnormalities|reactive hyperplasia]] in the lymph nodes, with increased numbers of lymphoblasts and [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]].  [[Lymph Node Abnormalities|Reactive hyperplasia]] of [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]] is especially common in Leishmaniasis cases as it causes chronic antigen stimulation. [[B cell differentiation|Mott cells]], which are [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]] containing vesicles of accumulated [[Immunoglobulins - Overview|immunoglobulins]] (Russell bodies)  may also be evident. They are also the result of a chronic disease process, such as Leishmaniasis.
+*Mechanisms of transmission
-As mentioned above, the parasite itself can be identified cytologically within [[Macrophage|macrophages]] to confirm disease.
+**[[Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
+**Rarely through direct contact
-==Treatment and Control==
+*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
-Control of ''Leishmania'' is difficult due to the large environmental pool and the sand flies that transmit the disease. One method is to prevent the sand flies from biting dogs by using collars impregnated with [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] or repellents. These have a limited effect and do not guarantee the safety of the animal. Destruction of infected and stray dogs will decrease the pool from which sand flies may obtain the parasite but this is often morally difficult and due to the infection of wildlife does not stop spread completely.
+**Susceptible to infection if exposed whilst abroad in endemic areas as have no immunity
+**No [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] in Britain but dogs have become infected whilst in contact with infected imported animals
-Chemotherapy can be used to treat dogs with leishmaniasis; however this will not eliminate the infection completely. It may appear to resolve the infection, but it is not uncommon for clinical sign to return later in the dog's life. It is important to factor in the risks involved with chemotherapy, such as suppression of the immune system, and the expense of prolonged treatment.
+'''Diagnosis'''
+*Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms
+**In skin scraping or smears
+**In joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies
-{{Learning
+'''Treatment and Control'''
-|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00998.asp Canine leishmaniosis]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Freeform/fre00654.asp PET passport travel scheme]
+*Chemotherapy
-|flashcards = [[Protozoa_Flashcards#Tropical_Protozoa|Tropical Protozoa Flashcards]]
+**Prolonged treatment, expensive, suppresses infection
-[[Cytology Q&A 08]]
+**Does not cure infection
-|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053201552.pdf ''' Canine visceral leishmaniasis.''' Gaskin, A.; Seward, R. L.; Knight, D. H.; American Heartworm Society, Batavia, USA, Recent advances in heartworm disease: Symposium 01, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 20-22 April, 2001, 2001, pp 63-65, 35 ref.]
-}}
+*Prevent [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] biting
+**Collars, sprays containing [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] with repellent effect
-{{review}}
+*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
+**[[Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
+**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
+In dogs
+*disseminated disease of the monocyte-macrophage system
+*protozoa; genus ''Leishmania''
+*increased travel means clinincal disease may be acquired in endemic areas but now presents to veterinarians in non-endemic areas
+*lymph node aspirates contain macrophages with organisms
-{{OpenPages}}
 [[Category:Tropical Protozoa]]
-[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Dog]]
-[[Category:Expert Review]]
+[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]]

Difference between revisions of "Leishmania"

Revision as of 11:00, 22 July 2010

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