Difference between revisions of "Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis"
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| + | {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" | ||
| + | | Also known as: | ||
| + | | '''Kennel Cough'''<br>'''Canine respiratory disease complex'''<br>'''Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis<br>Infectious Canine tracheitis | ||
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| + | |} | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close contact causing laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases a rhinitis. | A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close contact causing laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases a rhinitis. | ||
| − | Multiple agents are implicated in the disease including [[Canine Adenovirus 1|Canine Adenovirus 1]], [[Canine Adenovirus 2|Canine Adenovirus 2]], [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Canine Herpes virus]], [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Canine Parainfluenza - 2]], [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine Distemper Virus]], [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma species]] and [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''Bordetella bronchoseptica'']]. Most cases involve a primary viral infection and sometimes with secondary bacterial involvement. ''B.bronchoseptica'' adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea where it proliferates and releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents[[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Mucociliary escalator| ciliary clearance]]. Mortality rates are very low and it is a common disease in dogs that are housed in groups. | + | Multiple agents are implicated in the disease including [[Canine Adenovirus 1|Canine Adenovirus 1]],[[Canine Adenovirus 2|Canine Adenovirus 2]],[[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Canine Herpes virus]], [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Canine Parainfluenza - 2]], [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine Distemper Virus]], [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma species]] and [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''Bordetella bronchoseptica'']]. Most cases involve a primary viral infection and sometimes with secondary bacterial involvement. ''B.bronchoseptica'' adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea where it proliferates and releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents[[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Mucociliary escalator| ciliary clearance]]. Mortality rates are very low and it is a common disease in dogs that are housed in groups. |
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | + | ==History and Clinical Signs== | |
Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection. | Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection. | ||
Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. Affected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, [[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Nasal discharge|serous nasal discharge]] and lymphadenopathy are present. | Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. Affected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, [[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Nasal discharge|serous nasal discharge]] and lymphadenopathy are present. | ||
| − | The clinical signs typically persist | + | The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks. |
| − | Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species| ''Pasturella'' species]] and [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'' bacteria]]. If widespread systemic signs are present infection with canine distemper virus should be suspected. | + | Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species| ''Pasturella'' species]] and [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'' bacteria]]. If widespread systemic signs are present infection with canine distemper virus should be suspected. |
Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough. | Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough. | ||
| − | + | ==Laboratory Tests== | |
| − | [[Canine Haematology|Haematology]] and [[Canine Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] will help to look for an underlying cause of disease in immunocomprommised animals. Additionally they may show signs of infection including a [[Neutrophilia|Neutrophilia]] sometimes with a left shift. | + | [[Canine Haematology - WikiNormals|Haematology]] and [[Canine Biochemistry - WikiNormals|Biochemistry]] will help to look for an underlying cause of disease in immunocomprommised animals. Additionally they may show signs of infection including a [[Neutrophilia|Neutrophilia]] sometimes with a left shift. |
| − | + | ==Radiography== | |
Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough. | Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough. | ||
| − | + | ==Endoscopy== | |
Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses. | Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses. | ||
Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal increased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples should be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash. | Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal increased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples should be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| − | Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with | + | Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with or without treatment. |
| − | + | Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on these results otherwise [[Tetracyclines| doxycycline]], [[Macrolides and Lincosamides|erythromycin]], [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] or a [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides| potentiated sulphonamide]] are good choices. | |
| − | Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness | ||
| − | Antitussives | + | Antitussives and bronchodilators may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Nebulization can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions. |
| − | In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[ | + | In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[Fluid Therapy |fluids]] and enteral feeding will be required. |
| − | + | [[Anti-Inflammatory Drugs|Anti-inflammatories]] may help relieve some of the clinical signs however there use is contra-indicated in immunocompromised animals. | |
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==Control== | ==Control== | ||
| − | [[Vaccines|Vaccines]] can prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by ''B. bronchiseptica'', parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Vaccinated animals can still contract the disease as multiple agents are implicated. Vaccines are available to be given systemically or intranasally. Intranasal vaccination provides mucosal [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] immunity and the presence of maternal antibodies do not affect actions of the vaccine.. | + | [[Vaccines - WikiBlood|Vaccines]] can prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by ''B. bronchiseptica'', parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Vaccinated animals can still contract the disease as multiple agents are implicated. Vaccines are available to be given systemically or intranasally. Intranasal vaccination provides mucosal [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] immunity and the presence of maternal antibodies do not affect actions of the vaccine.. |
It is important to practice good husbandry in areas where groups of dogs mix e.g boarding kennels . Ideally all animals should be vaccinated, any infected animals should be isolated to minimise the spread to unaffected animals and all fomites that have come into contact with an affected animal must be disinfected. Areas should be kept well ventilated and ideally animals should be kept in low population densities. | It is important to practice good husbandry in areas where groups of dogs mix e.g boarding kennels . Ideally all animals should be vaccinated, any infected animals should be isolated to minimise the spread to unaffected animals and all fomites that have come into contact with an affected animal must be disinfected. Areas should be kept well ventilated and ideally animals should be kept in low population densities. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Good, generally self limiting. | Good, generally self limiting. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Dog]] |
| + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]] | ||
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]] | ||
[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] | ||
[[Category:Expert_Review]] | [[Category:Expert_Review]] | ||
Revision as of 10:54, 4 August 2010
 |
This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |
| Also known as: | Kennel Cough Canine respiratory disease complex Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis Infectious Canine tracheitis |
Description
A highly contagious acute respiratory disease spread by close contact causing laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases a rhinitis.
Multiple agents are implicated in the disease including Canine Adenovirus 1,Canine Adenovirus 2,Canine Herpes virus, Canine Parainfluenza - 2, Canine Distemper Virus, Mycoplasma species and Bordetella bronchoseptica. Most cases involve a primary viral infection and sometimes with secondary bacterial involvement. B.bronchoseptica adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea where it proliferates and releases toxins causing epithelial necrosis and prevents ciliary clearance. Mortality rates are very low and it is a common disease in dogs that are housed in groups.
Signalment
Affects dogs of all ages. Puppies and immunocompromised dogs are often worst affected.
Diagnosis
History and Clinical Signs
Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection. Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting. Affected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, serous nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy are present. The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.
Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of bronchopneumonia, signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with Pasturella species and Streptococci bacteria. If widespread systemic signs are present infection with canine distemper virus should be suspected.
Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.
Laboratory Tests
Haematology and Biochemistry will help to look for an underlying cause of disease in immunocomprommised animals. Additionally they may show signs of infection including a Neutrophilia sometimes with a left shift.
Radiography
Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough.
Endoscopy
Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses. Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal increased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples should be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.
Treatment
Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with or without treatment. Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on these results otherwise doxycycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol or a potentiated sulphonamide are good choices.
Antitussives and bronchodilators may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Nebulization can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions.
In patients with severe disease further supportive care including fluids and enteral feeding will be required. Anti-inflammatories may help relieve some of the clinical signs however there use is contra-indicated in immunocompromised animals.
Control
Vaccines can prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by B. bronchiseptica, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Vaccinated animals can still contract the disease as multiple agents are implicated. Vaccines are available to be given systemically or intranasally. Intranasal vaccination provides mucosal IgA immunity and the presence of maternal antibodies do not affect actions of the vaccine.. It is important to practice good husbandry in areas where groups of dogs mix e.g boarding kennels . Ideally all animals should be vaccinated, any infected animals should be isolated to minimise the spread to unaffected animals and all fomites that have come into contact with an affected animal must be disinfected. Areas should be kept well ventilated and ideally animals should be kept in low population densities.
Prognosis
Good, generally self limiting.
References
Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2) W.B. Saunders Company
Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial