Difference between revisions of "Snake Respiratory Disease"

Revision as of 08:55, 20 August 2010

Open-mouthed breathing in snakes is a sign of serious pulmonary disease © RVC

Respiratory disease

Respiratory disease is common in snakes and respiratory signs are common presenting complaints. Pneumonia has a multifactorial aetiology including poor husbandry and infectious agents, usually Gram-negative bacteria.

For more information, see respiratory anatomy or physiology.

Examination

History usually reveals inappropriate husbandry practices. Snakes with pneumonia will most often be presented when the disease is quite advanced. On physical examination dyspnoea may be seen. The respiration rate is generally elevated with exaggerated respiratory movements. Open-mouthed breathing is associated with serious pulmonary disease. A glottal discharge may be present as exudate moves from the lungs. The presence of nasal discharge is common with upper respiratory disease. On auscultation râles may be heard.

For information on good husbandry practices, see Snake Husbandry.

The lung of a snake with pneumonia - A mycoplasma species has been isolated by PCR from respiratory tissue. © RVC

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of pneumonia is based on history, physical examination and diagnostic aids. Radiography is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of pneumonia. Lateral and dorsoventral views should be included. The pulmonary tissue normally has a delicate reticular pattern that is progressively lost caudally. Changes may be diffuse or regionalised. Samples for microbiology may be collected by glottal swabs, tracheal washes or endoscope. Cytology, gram stain and bacterial/fungal culture may help define the aetiology. Biopsy of lung tissue for histology may be diagnostic.

For more information, see Snake Physical Examination, Lizard and Snake Imaging and Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation.

Therapy

A large percentage of respiratory disease has a bacterial component. Treatment should be based on culture and sensitivity but since respiratory disease is usually well advanced by the time of presentation, antibiotics should be commenced immediately. Enrofloxacin is a suitable antibiotic. Nebulisation may be helpful. Non-bacterial infections occur and therapy if possible should be aetiology-specific. Supportive treatment is extremely important. Keep all snakes within the upper end of their POTZ. Fluid therapy and nutritional support are important but force-feeding should not stress the snake. Water-soluble vitamins may help.

For more information, see Snake Supportive Care.

Prevention

Poor husbandry practices and non-hygienic conditions predispose to respiratory infections. Bacterial infections are often encountered in immunocompromised snakes. New arrivals into a collection should go through a period of quarantine.

For more information, see Lizard and Snake Quarantine.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 History usually reveals inappropriate husbandry practices.  Snakes with pneumonia will most often be presented when the disease is quite advanced. On [[Snake Physical Examination|physical examination]] dyspnoea may be seen. The respiration rate is generally elevated with exaggerated respiratory movements. Open-mouthed breathing is associated with serious pulmonary disease. A glottal discharge may be present as exudate moves from the lungs. The presence of nasal discharge is common with upper respiratory disease. On auscultation râles may be heard.
+'''For information on good husbandry practices, see''' [[:Category: Snake Husbandry|Snake Husbandry]].
 [[Image:Boiga_dendritica_Long_hhard.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''The lung of a snake with pneumonia - A mycoplasma species has been isolated by PCR from respiratory tissue.''' © RVC]]
 ==Diagnosis==
 Diagnosis of pneumonia is based on [[Lizard and Snake Taking a History|history]], [[Snake Physical Examination|physical examination]] and [[:Category: Snake Diagnostics|diagnostic aids]]. [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|Radiography]] is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of pneumonia. Lateral and dorsoventral views should be included. The pulmonary tissue normally has a delicate reticular pattern that is progressively lost caudally. Changes may be diffuse or regionalised.  Samples for microbiology may be collected by glottal swabs, tracheal washes or endoscope. Cytology, gram stain and bacterial/fungal culture may help define the aetiology. Biopsy of lung tissue for histology may be diagnostic.
-'''For further information, see:'''
+'''For more information, see''' [[Snake Physical Examination]], [[Lizard and Snake Imaging]] '''and''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
-*[[Snake Physical Examination]],
-*[[Lizard and Snake Imaging]]
-*[[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
 ==Therapy==
-A large percentage of respiratory disease has a bacterial component. Treatment should be based on culture and sensitivity but since respiratory disease is usually well advanced by the time of presentation, antibiotics should be commenced immediately. Enrofloxacin is a suitable antibiotic. Nebulisation may be helpful. Non-bacterial infections occur and therapy if possible should be aetiology-specific.  Supportive treatment is extremely important. Keep all snakes within the upper end of their [[Preferred optimum temperature zone|preferred optimum temperature zone (POTZ)]]. Fluid therapy and nutritional support are important but force-feeding should not stress the snake. Water-soluble vitamins may help.
+A large percentage of respiratory disease has a bacterial component. Treatment should be based on culture and sensitivity but since respiratory disease is usually well advanced by the time of presentation, antibiotics should be commenced immediately. Enrofloxacin is a suitable antibiotic. Nebulisation may be helpful. Non-bacterial infections occur and therapy if possible should be aetiology-specific.  Supportive treatment is extremely important. Keep all snakes within the upper end of their [[POTZ]]. Fluid therapy and nutritional support are important but force-feeding should not stress the snake. Water-soluble vitamins may help.
 '''For more information, see''' [[Snake Supportive Care]].
@@ Line 28: / Line 25: @@
 '''For more information, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine]].
-==Literature Search==
-[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
-Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
-<br><br><br>
-[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake))+AND+(title:(respiratory+diseases)+OR+subject:(respiratory+diseases)+OR+ab:(respiratory+diseases))&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Respiratory Disease in Snakes publications]
-[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181635.pdf ''' How I approach snake respiratory disease: the five-minute consult.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1724-1726, 6 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
-[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240427.pdf '''Reptile pneumatology.''' Mitchell, M. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1211-1212 - '''Full Text Article''']
-[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053197447.pdf ''' Investigation and management of respiratory disease in reptiles.''' Lawton, M. P. C.; Eastern States Veterinary Association, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 19, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8-12 January, 2005, 2005, pp 1290-1291, 10 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
 [[Category:Snake Diseases]]