Difference between revisions of "Adaptive Immunity to Bacteria"

Revision as of 11:16, 6 September 2010

Overview

The adaptive and innate responses work together to destroy bacteria. The adaptive response ensures the innate response is carried out efficiently. There are two major branches of the adaptive immune response, humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Humoral

Humoral immunity includes Complement activation of the classical pathway. It results in the production of IgM and IgG and makes the complement system more efficient.

Cell-Mediated

Cell-mediated immunity provides help for macrophages. It includes IgG production (T-helper type II cells and B cells), which improves phagocytosis by opsonisation. Infected macrophages are rescued by T-helper type I cells when phagocytosis and digestion mechanisms fail to eliminate the pathogen.

Extracellular Infection

The response to extracellular infection involves Complement and phagocytosis; B cell and T helper type II cell stimulation and the production of IgM, which activates the classical cascade. There is also class switching of IgM to IgG, which is a good opsonin and targets bacterial Fcγ receptor expressed by macrophages and neutrophils.

Vesicular Infection

During a vesicular infection, the infected macrophage secretes IL-12. IL-12 stimulates T-helper type I cells which release IFN-γ. IFN-γ then triggers the macrophages to kill the pathogens inside.

Also see Immunity to Bacteria

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Humoral==
-*[[Complement|Complement]] activation of the classical pathway
+Humoral immunity includes [[Complement|Complement]] activation of the classical pathway. It results in the production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and makes the complement system more efficient.
-**Production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] makes the complement system more efficient
-'''Cell-Mediated'''
+==Cell-Mediated==
-*Help for macrophages
+Cell-mediated immunity provides help for macrophages. It includes [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] production (T-helper type II cells and [[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]]), which improves phagocytosis by opsonisation. Infected [[Macrophages|macrophages]] are rescued by T-helper type I cells when phagocytosis and digestion mechanisms fail to eliminate the pathogen.
-**[[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] production (T-helper type II cells and [[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cells]]) which improves phagocytosis by opsonisation
-**Infected [[Macrophages|macrophages]] are rescued by T-helper type I cells when phagocytosis and digestion mechanisms fail to eliminate the pathogen
-'''Extracellular Infection'''
+==Extracellular Infection==
-*Complement and phagocytosis
+The response to extracellular infection involves [[Complement|Complement]] and phagocytosis; [[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cell]] and T helper type II cell stimulation and the production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], which activates the classical cascade. There is also class switching of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] to [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], which is a good opsonin and targets bacterial Fcγ receptor expressed by [[Macrophages|macrophages]] and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]].
-*[[Lymphocytes#B Cells|B cell]] and T helper type II cell stimulation
+==Vesicular Infection==
-*Production of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] which activates the classical cascade
+During a vesicular infection, the infected [[Macrophages|macrophage]] secretes IL-12. IL-12 stimulates T-helper type I cells which release IFN-γ. IFN-γ then triggers the [[Macrophages|macrophages]] to kill the pathogens inside.
-*Class switching of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] to [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] which is a good opsonin and targets bacterial Fcγ receptor expressed by [[Macrophages|macrophages]] and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]
-'''Vesicular Infection'''
-*The infected [[Macrophages|macrophage]] secretes IL-12
-*IL-12 stimulates T-helper type I cells which release IFN-γ
-*IFN-γ triggers the [[Macrophages|macrophages]] to kill the pathogens inside
 <big>'''Also see [[Immunity to Bacteria]]'''</big>