Difference between revisions of "Displaced Abomasum"
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| − | Rearrangement of abdominal viscera in pregnancy is thought to be an important aetiological factor, however reduced abomasal motility is thought to be the primary aetiological cause. Once the abomasum is displaced gas production by the organ continues causing distension and further displacement. | + | {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" |
| + | | Also known as: | ||
| + | | '''Twisted stomach'''<br>'''LDA'''<br>'''RDA''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |} | ||
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| + | ==Description== | ||
| + | This is much less dramatic than a displaced [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] in the dog, and develops chronically. | ||
| + | The [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] is the fourth stomach of the cow and hangs loosely by the omentum. It can move from its normal position to left displcement where it becomes trapped under the rumen or a right displacement which may result in abomasal [[Volvulus, Intestinal|volvulus]] and [[Torsion, Intestinal|torsion]]. | ||
| + | Rearrangement of abdominal viscera in pregnancy is thought to be an important aetiological factor, however reduced abomasal motility is thought to be the primary aetiological cause. Once the abomasum is displaced gas production by the organ continues causing distension and further displacement. | ||
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
| − | A disease of the cow affecting mainly high yielding [[Bovine Breeds - WikiNormals#Dairy Breeds|dairy cows]] on high concentrate diets. | + | A disease of the cow affecting mainly high yielding [[Bovine Breeds - WikiNormals#Dairy Breeds|dairy cows]] on high concentrate diets. Usually occurs in the first 6 weeks of [[Lactation - Species Differences Cow - Anatomy & Physiology|lactation]]. Sometimes displacement does occur before calving, this is in late gestation and accounts for 5% of cases. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| − | Diagnosis is made on history and clinical signs in combination with auscultation findings. Using a stethoscope the entire left and right flank should be percussed. Over the region of displacement a distinct ping will be heard. Once a ping is identified the stethoscope | + | Diagnosis is made on history and clinical signs in combination with auscultation findings. Using a stethoscope the entire left and right flank should be percussed. Over the region of displacement a distinct ping will be heard. Once a ping is identified the stethoscope shoud be held over that area whist balloting the lower flank, this creates a splashing sound at the gas fluid interface which is heard as a tinkle. This confirms the presence of a displaced abomasum. |
==History and Clinical Signs== | ==History and Clinical Signs== | ||
| − | A typical history would be a recently calved cow with a sudden drop in appetite and milk production. Animals display general malaise and abdominal pain. On clinical exam a rapid loss of condition may be evident, [[Ketosis of Cattle|ketosis]] or decreased ruminal activity on ausculatation. Often the left ribs | + | A typical history would be a recently calved cow with a sudden drop in appetite and milk production. Animals display general malaise and abdominal pain. On clinical exam a rapid loss of condition may be evident, [[Ketosis of Cattle|ketosis]] or decreased ruminal activity on ausculatation. Often the left flank bulges behind ribs and the temperature may be normal or slightly raised. |
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| − | Abomasal atony and increased gas production leads to displacement. Factors reducing abomasal motility include a high concentrate diet, increased [[Volatile Fatty Acids|volatile fatty acids]] from the rumen | + | ===Pathogenesis=== |
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| + | There are two manifestations of [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasal]] displacemet. In both the [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] becomes trapped between [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] and abdominal wall. The more comon presentation is the left displacement (LDA) which is Ventral and to the left of the rumen. The [[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum]], [[Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]] and [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] are also displaced. | ||
| + | Abomasal atony and increased gas production leads to displacement. Factors reducing abomasal motility include a high concentrate diet, increased [[Volatile Fatty Acids|volatile fatty acids]] from the rumen and periparturient disease e.g ketosis, hypocalcaemia and metritis. Displacement to the left results in a reduced flow of ingesta as well as reduced digestion resulting in anorexia and [[Dehydration - Pathology|dehydration]]. | ||
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| − | + | A displacement to the right an RDA is less common. Decreased abomasal motility, distension and displacement occurs as in the LDA. | |
| + | Rotation of the abomasum on its mesenteric axis leads to volvulus and constriction of blood vessels and trauma to the vagus nerve resulting in [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasal]] distenstion with blood-stained fluid and gas, congested mucosa and necrosis of the abomasum, dehydration and circulatory collapse. | ||
| + | Additionally the [[Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] may rupture, causing peritonitis, shock and death. | ||
| − | Hypokalaemia also develops due to alkalosis | + | ==Laboratory Tests== |
| + | Often a severe ketosis is present resulting in raised blood butyrate. | ||
| + | If electrolyte levels and blood gas are measured affected animals develop a hypochloraemia and metabolic alkalosis due to reduced outflow of ingesta from the abomasum combined with contined secretion of hydrochloric acid into the abomasum. | ||
| + | Hypokalaemia also develops due to the alkalosis which drives potassium into cells combined with a reduced intake due to anorexia. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| − | Any concurrent diseases should be treated e.g hypocalcaemia, metritis, mastitis or ketosis. | + | Any concurrent diseases should be treated e.g hypocalcaemia, metritis, [[Streptococcal mastitis - bovine|mastitis]] or ketosis. |
Conservative management can be attempted in low value animals. | Conservative management can be attempted in low value animals. | ||
| + | Rolling can be undertaken to try and manipulate the abomasum into the correct position. This technique involves casting the cow onto her right side and rolling her over whilst percussing and balloting the pings to track the movement of the gas filled abomasum. Reoccurence is likely and success rates with this are usually 30-50%. | ||
| − | + | A number of surgical techniques are documented to correct the displacement. These include: | |
| + | *Blind toggle abomasopexy | ||
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Toggles are useful in low value animals as it is a cheap and fast technique. The animal is cast and rolled onto her back. Two toggles are inserted through the ventral abdominal wall into the abomasal lumen. Once positioned the two toggles are tied together. Following this blind suture it is possible to toggle the incorrect area (e.g. rumen, reticulum) resulting in fatal complications. To avoid this complication a pH strip can be used to confirm the correct location following cannulation before the toggles are put in place. | Toggles are useful in low value animals as it is a cheap and fast technique. The animal is cast and rolled onto her back. Two toggles are inserted through the ventral abdominal wall into the abomasal lumen. Once positioned the two toggles are tied together. Following this blind suture it is possible to toggle the incorrect area (e.g. rumen, reticulum) resulting in fatal complications. To avoid this complication a pH strip can be used to confirm the correct location following cannulation before the toggles are put in place. | ||
| − | * | + | *Right flank omentopexy |
| − | The right flank is incised one hands distance behind the last rib and the displaced abomasum is located. The organ is then deflated and repositioned in the correct location. The | + | The right flank is incised one hands distance behind the last rib and the displaced abomasum is located. The organ is then deflated and repositioned in the correct location. The abomasum is sutured to the abdominal wall and the incision is closed in a routine manor. |
| − | * | + | *Left flank omentopexy |
| − | The left flank is incised just caudal to the last rib and the omentum adjacent to the abomasum is located. A | + | The left flank is incised just caudal to the last rib and the omentum adjacent to the abomasum is located. A long nylon suture is passed through the fat a few times and then both ends through separate points on the ventral body wall. An assistant can help locate the correct position for the suture to be passed by palpating the region with a pair of artey forceps. The two pieces of suture are tied externally and hold the abomasum in the correct position whilst adhesions form. |
| − | * | + | *Right paramedian abomasopexy |
| − | For this technique the cow is sedated and cast onto her back. An incision is made to the right of midline caudal to the most posterior part of the sternum. The abomasum is located, repositioned and sutured to the body wall | + | For this technique the cow is sedated and cast onto her back. An incision is made to the right of midline caudal to the most posterior part of the sternum. The abomasum is located, repositioned and sutured to the body wall. |
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It is important for all surgical techniques that post-operatively the cow is given a large amount of roughage and concentrates are introduced into the diet slowly. | It is important for all surgical techniques that post-operatively the cow is given a large amount of roughage and concentrates are introduced into the diet slowly. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
| − | On farms with a high incidence of LDAs or RDAs it is likely that there is a problem with the diet of cows in early lactation and this should be addressed. Overall cases can be reduced by maintaining adequate roughage intake, avoiding a rapid decrease in rumen volume following calving, preventing rapid dietary changes and postparturient illness (hypocalcaemia, ketosis, metritis). | + | On farms with a high incidence of LDAs or RDAs it is likely that there is a problem with the diet of cows in early lactation and this should be addressed. Overall cases can be reduced by maintaining adequate roughage intake, avoiding a rapid decrease in rumen volume following calving, preventing rapid dietary changes and postparturient illness( hypocalcaemia, ketosis, metritis). |
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
| − | Following surgical correction of an uncomplicated displacement | + | Following surgical correction of an uncomplicated displacement sucess rates can reach 95%. Abomasomal volvulus and the presence of an abomasal ulcer are associated with a much poorer prognosis. Additionally tachycardia, decreased temperature, black faeces and a long period of illness are all associated with poorer outcomes. |
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing | Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing | ||
| + | [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Pathology]][[Category:Cattle]] | ||
| − | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]] | |
| − | + | [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] | |
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| − | [[Category: | ||
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Revision as of 14:10, 6 September 2010
| Also known as: | Twisted stomach LDA RDA |
Description
This is much less dramatic than a displaced stomach in the dog, and develops chronically. The abomasum is the fourth stomach of the cow and hangs loosely by the omentum. It can move from its normal position to left displcement where it becomes trapped under the rumen or a right displacement which may result in abomasal volvulus and torsion. Rearrangement of abdominal viscera in pregnancy is thought to be an important aetiological factor, however reduced abomasal motility is thought to be the primary aetiological cause. Once the abomasum is displaced gas production by the organ continues causing distension and further displacement.
Signalment
A disease of the cow affecting mainly high yielding dairy cows on high concentrate diets. Usually occurs in the first 6 weeks of lactation. Sometimes displacement does occur before calving, this is in late gestation and accounts for 5% of cases.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made on history and clinical signs in combination with auscultation findings. Using a stethoscope the entire left and right flank should be percussed. Over the region of displacement a distinct ping will be heard. Once a ping is identified the stethoscope shoud be held over that area whist balloting the lower flank, this creates a splashing sound at the gas fluid interface which is heard as a tinkle. This confirms the presence of a displaced abomasum.
History and Clinical Signs
A typical history would be a recently calved cow with a sudden drop in appetite and milk production. Animals display general malaise and abdominal pain. On clinical exam a rapid loss of condition may be evident, ketosis or decreased ruminal activity on ausculatation. Often the left flank bulges behind ribs and the temperature may be normal or slightly raised.
Pathogenesis
There are two manifestations of abomasal displacemet. In both the abomasum becomes trapped between rumen and abdominal wall. The more comon presentation is the left displacement (LDA) which is Ventral and to the left of the rumen. The omasum, reticulum and liver are also displaced. Abomasal atony and increased gas production leads to displacement. Factors reducing abomasal motility include a high concentrate diet, increased volatile fatty acids from the rumen and periparturient disease e.g ketosis, hypocalcaemia and metritis. Displacement to the left results in a reduced flow of ingesta as well as reduced digestion resulting in anorexia and dehydration.
A displacement to the right an RDA is less common. Decreased abomasal motility, distension and displacement occurs as in the LDA. Rotation of the abomasum on its mesenteric axis leads to volvulus and constriction of blood vessels and trauma to the vagus nerve resulting in abomasal distenstion with blood-stained fluid and gas, congested mucosa and necrosis of the abomasum, dehydration and circulatory collapse. Additionally the abomasum may rupture, causing peritonitis, shock and death.
Laboratory Tests
Often a severe ketosis is present resulting in raised blood butyrate. If electrolyte levels and blood gas are measured affected animals develop a hypochloraemia and metabolic alkalosis due to reduced outflow of ingesta from the abomasum combined with contined secretion of hydrochloric acid into the abomasum. Hypokalaemia also develops due to the alkalosis which drives potassium into cells combined with a reduced intake due to anorexia.
Treatment
Any concurrent diseases should be treated e.g hypocalcaemia, metritis, mastitis or ketosis. Conservative management can be attempted in low value animals. Rolling can be undertaken to try and manipulate the abomasum into the correct position. This technique involves casting the cow onto her right side and rolling her over whilst percussing and balloting the pings to track the movement of the gas filled abomasum. Reoccurence is likely and success rates with this are usually 30-50%.
A number of surgical techniques are documented to correct the displacement. These include:
- Blind toggle abomasopexy
Toggles are useful in low value animals as it is a cheap and fast technique. The animal is cast and rolled onto her back. Two toggles are inserted through the ventral abdominal wall into the abomasal lumen. Once positioned the two toggles are tied together. Following this blind suture it is possible to toggle the incorrect area (e.g. rumen, reticulum) resulting in fatal complications. To avoid this complication a pH strip can be used to confirm the correct location following cannulation before the toggles are put in place.
- Right flank omentopexy
The right flank is incised one hands distance behind the last rib and the displaced abomasum is located. The organ is then deflated and repositioned in the correct location. The abomasum is sutured to the abdominal wall and the incision is closed in a routine manor.
- Left flank omentopexy
The left flank is incised just caudal to the last rib and the omentum adjacent to the abomasum is located. A long nylon suture is passed through the fat a few times and then both ends through separate points on the ventral body wall. An assistant can help locate the correct position for the suture to be passed by palpating the region with a pair of artey forceps. The two pieces of suture are tied externally and hold the abomasum in the correct position whilst adhesions form.
- Right paramedian abomasopexy
For this technique the cow is sedated and cast onto her back. An incision is made to the right of midline caudal to the most posterior part of the sternum. The abomasum is located, repositioned and sutured to the body wall.
It is important for all surgical techniques that post-operatively the cow is given a large amount of roughage and concentrates are introduced into the diet slowly.
Prevention
On farms with a high incidence of LDAs or RDAs it is likely that there is a problem with the diet of cows in early lactation and this should be addressed. Overall cases can be reduced by maintaining adequate roughage intake, avoiding a rapid decrease in rumen volume following calving, preventing rapid dietary changes and postparturient illness( hypocalcaemia, ketosis, metritis).
Prognosis
Following surgical correction of an uncomplicated displacement sucess rates can reach 95%. Abomasomal volvulus and the presence of an abomasal ulcer are associated with a much poorer prognosis. Additionally tachycardia, decreased temperature, black faeces and a long period of illness are all associated with poorer outcomes.
References
Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial
Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing