Difference between revisions of "Epistaxis - Horse"

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*'''Horse''':
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{{OpenPagesTop}}
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**[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
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== Introduction ==
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**[[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]] = 'Haemorrhagic nasal polyp', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.  
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Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a disease alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis, which fall into various categories. Below is a comprehensive list of all causes of epistaxis.
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***Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
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<br>
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**[[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary haemorrhage|Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage]]
 
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**Rupture of rectus capitus - profuse haemorrhage
 
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**[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]
 
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**Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
 
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**Nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body
 
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**[[Paranasal Sinuses Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology|Sinus neoplasia]]
 
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**[[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]]
 
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**[[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|Sinusitis]]
 
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**Lower airway disease
 
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**[[Lungs Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology|Pulmonary neoplasia]]
 
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**Cardiac
 
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***Mitral insufficiency
 
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***Atrial fibrillation
 
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**Skeletal
 
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***Head trauma
 
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**Rarely hypertension or vascular aneurysms
 
  
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'''Respiratory Tract'''
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:: [[Aspergillosis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
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:: [[Progressive Ethmoidal Haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]]
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:: [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]]
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:: Rupture of rectus capitus
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:: [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]
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:: Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
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:: Nasal/ pharyngeal trauma
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:: Nasal/ pharyngeal foreign body
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:: [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]]
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:: [[Sinus Cysts|Sinus cyst]]
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:: [[Sinusitis]]
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:: Lower airway disease
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:: [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].
  
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Vascular Diseases - Horse]][[Category:To_Do_-_Respiratory]]
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'''Cardiac'''
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:: [[Mitral insufficiency]]
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:: [[Atrial Fibrillation|Atrial fibrillation]]
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'''Skeletal'''
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::Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.
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== Clinical Signs ==
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Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.
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== Diagnosis ==
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Need to find the underlying cause, by various methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteristics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.
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== Treatment and Control ==
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To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.
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{{review}}
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{{OpenPages}}
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[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Vascular Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Expert_Review - Horse]]
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[[Category:Cardiology Section]]

Latest revision as of 15:21, 15 October 2013


Introduction

Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a disease alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis, which fall into various categories. Below is a comprehensive list of all causes of epistaxis.

Respiratory Tract

Nasal aspergillosis
Ethmoidal haematoma
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Rupture of rectus capitus
Mycotic infection of guttural pouches
Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
Nasal/ pharyngeal trauma
Nasal/ pharyngeal foreign body
Sinus neoplasia
Sinus cyst
Sinusitis
Lower airway disease
Pulmonary neoplasia.


Cardiac

Mitral insufficiency
Atrial fibrillation


Skeletal

Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.

Clinical Signs

Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.


Diagnosis

Need to find the underlying cause, by various methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteristics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.


Treatment and Control

To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.


This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.



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