Difference between revisions of "Avian Infectious Bronchitis"

Latest revision as of 12:24, 17 August 2012


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Also Known As: Infectious Bronchitis

Caused By: Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus also know as: AIBV — IBV — AIB — IB

Introduction

Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease primarily of the respiratory system of birds, caused by a coronavirus. The virus can also cause damage to the kidneys and oviducts.

IBV is transmitted mainly by aerosols and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment.

It can become persistent in a bird and recrudesce with stress, e.g. at point of lay.

Signalment

Chickens are the only known natural host of IBV. Other birds are affected by genetically similar yet distinct avian coronaviruses.

Disease is most severe in chicks.

Distribution

Worldwide

Clinical Signs

Reduced weight gain or egg production and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease.

Mortality often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to E. coli and Mycoplasma infections.

Respiratory Signs:

Sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea, tracheal rales, ingesta present in respiratory passages, nasal discharge, abnormal lung sounds on auscultation

Alimentary and Urinary Signs:

Wet droppings, dehydration, polydipsia

Polyuria, Pollakiuria

Other Signs:

Reluctance to move

Swelling of the head and face

Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge

Soft egg shells, thin albumin and watery yolks

Diagnosis

In the acute phase, viral isolation can be attempted from tracheal swabs or tracheal/lung biopsies.

If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable.

RT-PCR can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs.

Agar Gel Precipitation and Immunofluorescent Antibody (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect the virus.

On post-mortem examination, yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs.

On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with heterophilic infiltration is evident.

The kidneys are pale and swollen and tubules distended with urates if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident.

Detection of viral antibodies is also valuable in surveillance and monitoring of vaccination. This can be performed using Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) , ELISA, Virus Neutralisation (VN) and Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI).

RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates.

Treatment

No treatment is available for the viral infection.

Use of antibiotics in drinking water to treat and prevent secondary infection may reduce mortality and losses.

Control

Live and Killed IBV vaccines are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections (killed vaccines) or sprays/drinking water (live vaccines). Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first.

Good biosecurity and hygiene protocols are imperative to control this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to ventilation and air quality.

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Learning Resources
Flashcards Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions	Avian Infectious Bronchitis Flashcards
Literature Search Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract (CABI log in required)	Avian Infectious Bronchitis Publications

References

Cavanagh, D. and Gelb Jr, J. (2008) Infectious Bronchitis. In: Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) Wiley-Blackwell, pp 117-135

Cook, J.K.A. (2007) Coronaviridae. In: Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) Saunders, Elsevier, pp 340-350

Animal Health & Production Compendium, Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet, accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

This article was originally sourced from The Animal Health & Production Compendium (AHPC) published online by CABI during the OVAL Project.

The datasheet was accessed on 25/06/2011.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Also Known As — '''''Infectious coryza''''' — '''''Infectious Bronchitis''''' — '''''Infectious Proventriculitis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis'''''
+{{OpenPagesTop}}
+{{Podcasts
+|link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/avian-infectious-bronchitis}}
+Also Known As: '''''Infectious Bronchitis'''''
-Caused By — ''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' — ''AIBV'' — ''ICTV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB''
+Caused By: '''''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' '''also know as:''' ''AIBV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB'''''
 ==Introduction==
-Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[Respiratory System | respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''.
+Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[:Category:Avian Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''.
-The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Kidney Anatomy and Physiology | kidneys]]''' and '''[[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology | oviducts]]'''.
+The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidneys]]''' and '''[[Avian Female Reproductive System|oviducts]]'''.
 IBV is transmitted mainly by '''aerosols''' and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment.
-It can become '''latent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay.
+It can become '''persistent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay.
-This disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ {OIE)]
 ==Signalment==
-Chickens, pigeons and pheasants are affected.
+Chickens are the only known natural host of IBV. Other birds are affected by genetically similar yet distinct avian coronaviruses.
 Disease is most severe in chicks.
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 '''Reduced weight gain''' or '''egg production''' and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease.
-'''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to ''E. coli'' and ''Mycoplasma'' infections. Mortality is highest in intensively reared broiler flocks.
+'''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] and [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] infections.
-'''Sneezing, Coughing, Dyspnoea''', Ingesta present in respiratory passages, Nasal discharge, Abnormal lung sounds on auscultation
+Respiratory Signs:
+:'''Sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea, tracheal rales''', ingesta present in respiratory passages, nasal discharge, abnormal lung sounds on auscultation
-'''Diarrhoea, dehydration''', polydipsia
+Alimentary and Urinary Signs:
+:'''Wet droppings, dehydration''', polydipsia
+:'''Polyuria, Pollakiuria'''
-'''Polyuria, Pollakiuria'''
+Other Signs:
+:Reluctance to move
-Reluctance to move
+:Swelling of the head and face
+:Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge
-Swelling of the head and face
+:'''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks
-Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge
-'''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks
-Neurological signs
 ==Diagnosis==
-In the acute phase, '''viral isolation''' can be attempted from eggs, tracheal swabs or tracheal/lung biopsies.
+In the acute phase, '''viral isolation''' can be attempted from tracheal swabs or tracheal/lung biopsies.
 If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable.
-'''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs but will not differentiate live from dead virus isolate
+'''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs.
-'''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect virus.
+'''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect the virus.
 On '''post-mortem examination''', '''yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates''' are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs.
-On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils | heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident.
+On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils |heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident.
 The kidneys are '''pale and swollen''' and tubules distended with '''urates''' if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident.
-Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance, monitoring of vaccination and identification of latently infected birds. This can be performed using '''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID) , [[ELISA testing | ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI).
+Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance and monitoring of vaccination. This can be performed using [[Immunodiffusion|'''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID)]] , [[ELISA testing |ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI)]].
 RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates.
@@ Line 63: / Line 61: @@
 ==Treatment==
 '''No treatment''' is available for the viral infection.
 Use of '''antibiotics''' in drinking water to treat and prevent secondary infection may reduce mortality and losses.
 ==Control==
-'''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections or sprays. Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first.
+'''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections (killed vaccines) or sprays/drinking water (live vaccines). Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first.
+Good '''biosecurity''' and '''hygiene''' protocols are imperative to control this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''.
+{{Learning
+|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Avian+Infectious+Bronchitis%29/ Avian Infectious Bronchitis Publications]
+|flashcards = [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis Flashcards]]
+}}
-Good biosecurity and hygiene protocols are imperative to control of this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''.
 ==References==
-<references/>
+Cavanagh, D. and Gelb Jr, J. (2008) '''Infectious Bronchitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 117-135
+Cook, J.K.A. (2007) '''Coronaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 340-350
 Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
+{{CABI source
+|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92907&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian infectious bronchitis] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92904&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian infectious bronchitis virus]
+|date = 25/06/2011
+}}
+<br><br>
+{{Dave Cavanagh
+|date = 23 August 2011
+}}
+{{OpenPages}}
+[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
+[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
+[[Category:Coronaviridae]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]