Difference between revisions of "Feline Calicivirus"

Latest revision as of 09:37, 19 January 2016

Introduction

Feline calicivirus infection in a cat, showing ulceration, secondary gingivitis, rhinitis, faucitis and hypersalivation.

Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Kalumet (2005)

The normal hosts for this virus are domestic cats and cheetahs. The virus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, but affected animals can be further compromised by concurrent infection. The incubation period is 2-10 days.

Clinical signs include:

Vesicles and ulcers of the oral epithelium (2-5mm)
Nasal and ocular discharge
Sneezing
Anorexia

Variable signs include:

Pyrexia
Dyspnoea
Conjunctivitis
Rhinitis
Tracheitis
Pneumonia

Differential Diagnoses may include:

Recovery can be followed by carrier status

Epidemiology

FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through direct contact with secretions of carrier cats or indirect contact via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; active immunity is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur. Calicivirus is one of the agents of cat flu.

Antigenicity

A single serotype has been identified which typically has antigenic variations.

Recent strains of the virus have been shown to cause systemic disease, where the initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:

Severe pyrexia
Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
Skin ulcers
Icterus and Petchiae

The mortality rate of recently emerging strains can be as high as 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age. Conventional vaccinations are thought to be ineffective against these strains.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs are non specific with many other differentials. Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs can be taken for virus isolation. Cytology of affected cells may demonstrate pyknosis (an irreversible condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus undergoing necrosis or apoptosis) - feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncytia formation.

Control

Virulent isolate outbreak: quarantine and restrict movement of in contact animals.
Prevention: Live or dead vaccines are available that contain broadly cross-reactive strains. Vaccination is often given in combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus immunization.

The virus presents a particular concern for catteries due to the epidemiological risk of spread in intensively kept cats.

Feline Calicivirus Learning Resources
Vetstream To reach the Vetstream content, please select	Canis, Felis, Lapis or Equis
Flashcards Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions	Feline Medicine Q&A 10
Literature Search Search for recent publications via CAB Abstract (CABI log in required)	Feline Calicivirus publications
Full Text Articles Full text articles available from CAB Abstract (CABI log in required)	Cats and calicivirus infection - the evolving pattern of disease. Radford, A.; Coyne, K. P.; Dawson, S.; Porter, C. J.; Gaskell, R. M.; Svoboda, M. ; Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006 World Congress Proceedings. 31st World Small Animal Association Congress, 12th European Congress FECAVA, & 14th Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 11-14 October, 2006, 2006, pp 343-346, 26 ref.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{OpenPagesTop}}
 ==Introduction==
+[[Image:Feline Calcivirus.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<p>Feline calicivirus infection in a cat, showing ulceration, secondary gingivitis, rhinitis, faucitis and hypersalivation. </p>Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Kalumet  (2005)]]
 The normal hosts for this virus are domestic cats and cheetahs. The virus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, but affected animals can be further compromised by concurrent infection.
 The incubation period is 2-10 days.
@@ Line 16: / Line 18: @@
 *Pneumonia
 Differential Diagnoses may include:
-*Feline Herpes
+*[[Feline Herpesvirus 1]]
-*Clamydophila felis
+*''[[Chlamydophila felis]]''
-*Bordetella bronchiseptica
+*''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
 Recovery can be followed by '''carrier status'''
 ==Epidemiology==
-FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through '''direct contact''' with secretions of carrier cats or '''indirect contact''' via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; '''active immunity''' is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur.
+FCV is endemic worldwide. Transmission occurs through '''direct contact''' with secretions of carrier cats or '''indirect contact''' via drinking bowls, etc. Clinical disease is most frequently seen in kittens; '''active immunity''' is generally present in animals over 1 year of age. Antigenic variation means that subclinical reinfections can occur. Calicivirus is one of the agents of [[Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex|cat flu]].
 ==Antigenicity==
 A single serotype has been identified which typically has antigenic variations.
-====Strains====
+Recent strains of the virus have been shown to cause systemic disease, where the initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:
-Recent strains have been shown to cause systemic disease:
+*Severe pyrexia
-*Initial upper respiratory signs are followed by:
+*Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
-**Severe pyrexia
+*Skin ulcers
-**Oedema, particularly of the head and limbs
+*Icterus and Petchiae
-**Skin ulcers
+The mortality rate of recently emerging strains can be as high as 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age. Conventional vaccinations are thought to be ineffective against these strains.
-**Icterus and Petchiae
-*Mortality of up to 50%, and higher in cats over 1 year of age
-*Conventional vaccination ineffective
-====Diagnosis====
+==Diagnosis==
-*Clinical signs unhelpful due to differentials
+Clinical signs are non specific with many other differentials. Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs can be taken for virus isolation. Cytology of affected cells may demonstrate  pyknosis (an irreversible condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus undergoing necrosis or apoptosis) - feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncytia formation.
-*Nasal, conjunctival, or oropharyngeal swabs taken for virus isolation
-**Diagnosed by pyknosis (Feline herpes causes cellular swelling and syncitia)
-====Control====
+==Control==
-Virulent isolate outbreak:
+*Virulent isolate outbreak: quarantine and restrict movement of in contact animals.
-*Quarantine and restrict movement
+*Prevention: Live or dead [[Vaccines|vaccines]] are available that contain broadly cross-reactive strains. [[Vaccines#Cat_Vaccinations|Vaccination]] is often given in combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus immunization.
-Prevention:
+The virus presents a particular concern for catteries due to the epidemiological risk of spread in intensively kept cats.
-*Vaccination:
-**Live or dead vaccines available
-**Contain broadly cross-reactive strains
-**In combination with feline herpes and panleukopenia virus
-**Live nose-drop vaccine now available in US
-**Particular concern for catteries
+{{Learning
+|flashcards = [[Feline Medicine Q&A 10]]
+|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=feline+calicivirus&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=41&y=14&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Feline Calicivirus publications]
+|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073085492.pdf '''Cats and calicivirus infection - the evolving pattern of disease.''' Radford, A.; Coyne, K. P.; Dawson, S.; Porter, C. J.; Gaskell, R. M.; Svoboda, M. ; Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association, Prague, Czech Republic, 2006 World Congress Proceedings. 31st World Small Animal Association Congress, 12th European Congress FECAVA, & 14th Czech Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 11-14 October, 2006, 2006, pp 343-346, 26 ref.]
+|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis60211 Feline Calicivirus disease - Felis]
+}}
-*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
+{{review}}
-*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
-*Lesions present may include [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
-*Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above
+{{OpenPages}}
-[[Category:Caliciviridae]][[Category:Cat]]
+[[Category:Caliciviridae]][[Category:Cat Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cat]]
-[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
+[[Category:Expert Review]]
 [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
+[[Category:Other Oral Conditions]]