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A

• Acantholysis - loss of cohesion between cells of living epidermis, especially stratum spinosum
• Acanthosis - hyperplasia of stratum spinosum
• Adnexa - cutaneous appendages - hair, claws, glands
• Alopecia - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present
• Anagen - growth phase of hair cycle
• Aldosterone - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct
• ADH - Anti diuretic hormone - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
• Antidiuresis - Suppression of urine secretion by the kidney
• Antiporter - A transport protein which is a member of the ATPase group. Transports two molecules in opposite directions.
• Aquaporin - Family of membrane channel proteins which are very important in the movement of water from the nephron
• Astrocytosis - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia)
• Astrogliosis (or gliosis) - Increased numbers of glial fibers
• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high. It affects the renal handling of sodium and water.

C

• Comedo - plugged and dilated hair follicle
• Crust - accumulation of solid exudate on skin surface, serocellular or haemorrhagic

D

• Diuresis - An increased production of Urine
• Diuretic - A drug which acts on the tubule to reduce the reabsorption of water and thus increases urine volume

E

• Encephalo- - Of the Brain
• Encephalitis - Inflammation of the brain
• Epidermal collarettes - peeling edge of epithelium surrounding an ulcer or erosion
• Erosion - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring
• Erythema - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries
• Erythropoietin - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.
• Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph

F

• Furunculosis - rupture of hair follicles with severe inflammation

G

• Ganglioradiculitis - Inflammation of cranial and spinal ganglia and roots
• Gemistocytes - Highly reactive astrocytes with abundant pink cytoplasm and distinct cell borders
• Gemistocytic astrocytosis - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate
• Glomerular Filtration Barrier - This structure is responsible for the selective filtration of the blood in the glomerulus. It is made up of three layers.
• Glomerular Filtration Rate - The volume of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the bowmans capsule every minute.
• Glomerulus - A mass of anastomsing capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule. The function of the glomerulus is to filter components of the blood before they pass to the tubules. The filtrate that is formed consists of water and low molecular weight constituents. The afferent arteriole supplies the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole drains it.

H

• Hyperkeratosis - increased thickness of stratum spinosum

L

• Leptomeninges - Pia and arachnoid mater together
• Leuko- - Of the white matter
• Leukoencephalomalacia - Necrosis of the white matter of the brain
• Leukomyelomalacia - Necrosis of the white matter in the spinal cord
• Lichenification - thickeningof skin superficial layers with exaggerated crevices

M

• Macula Densa - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via tubuloglomerular feedback
• Macule - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter
• Malacia - Necrosis
• Medullary Ray - Middle part of a renal lobule. Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct. They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located.
• Micturition - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine
• Meningitis - Inflammation of the Meninges
• Meningo - Of the Meninges
• Meningoencephalitis - Inflammation of the brain and meninges
• Mesencephalon - Midbrain
• Metencephalon - Cerebellum and pons
• Myelencephalon - Medulla
• Myelitis - Inflammation of the Spinal Cord
• Myelo- - Of the spinal cord

N

• Natriuresis - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine
• Nephron - The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscule and renal tubule.

O

• Osmolality - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent
• Osmolarity - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions
• Osmole - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which
• Osmosis - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane

P

• Pachymeninges - Dura mater
• Papule - solid elevation of skin, <1cm in diameter
• Parakeratosis - abnormal cornification, keratinocytes retain their nuclei
• Paronychia - inflammation of tissue fold around nail bed
• Patch - macule > 1cm in diameter
• Plaque - flet topped swelling > 1cm in diameter
• Polio- - Of the grey matter
• Polioencephalomalacia - Necrosis of the gray matter in the brain
• Poliomyelomalacia - Necrosis of the gray matter in the spinal cord
• Polyradiculoneuritis - Inflammation of multiple spinal or cranial nerve roots
• Pressure Diuresis - Increasing blood pressure increases urinary output
• Pressure Natriuresis - When blood pressure is increased sodium reabsorption decreases. This helps to restore blood pressure back to normal
• Pustule - small circumscribed elevation containing pus

R

• Renal Clearance - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood.
• Renal Corpuscule - Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, a single layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) resting on a basement membrane.
• Renal Lobe - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it. A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these
• Renal Lobule - Groups of these make up a renal lobe. It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct
• Renal Pyramid - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.
• Renal Threshold - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine
• Renin - A proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the kidney that plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

S

• Salt Hunger - Animals especially herbivores crave salt when they are sodium deficient
• Sarcolemma - cell membrane of the muscle fiber, containing a plasma membrane and an outer coat of polysaccharide conaining collagen fibrils; fuses with tendon fiber at the end of the muscle fiber
• Sarcomere the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs
• Sarcoplasm fills spaces between myofibrils, containing potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum specialy organized reticula to control muscle contraction, site of calcium ion storage
• Scale - fragments of stratum corneum
• Scar - fibrous tissue area that replaced damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue
• Sodium/Potassium ATPase - A common ATPase antiporter in the basolateral membrane of the cells of the nephron which removes sodium from within the cell in exchange for potassium.
• Splay - Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.
• Symporter - A member of the family of transport proteins called ATPases. This protein is responsible for the transport of at least two molecules in the same direction

T

• Telencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres
• Telogen - resting phase of hair cycle
• T-Max - Renal - Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.
• Tubule - renal - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts. The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate. The tubule consists of 4 main areas: the Proximal Tubule, the Loop Of Henle, the Distal Tubule and the Collecting Duct.

U

• Ulcer - break in epidermis with exposed underlying dermis
• Urticaria - vascular reaction in dermis, consists of transient wheals

V

• Vasa Recta - The blood vessels supplying the loop of henle
• Vesicle - blister <1cm in diameter

Z

• Z disc passes in the transverse plane across the myofibril to attach successive myofibrils together, enabling muscle cells to act as a syncitium and giving skeletal muscle its classic striated appearance

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