Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology
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Nasal neoplasia in general
- Majority are malignant, locally invasive but do not metastasise
- Usually pale, soft, fleshy or friable
- May be osteoma or osteosarcoma, chondroma or chondrosarcoma, fibroma or fibrosarcoma, myxoma or myxosarcoma, haemangioma or haemangiosarcoma, adenoma or adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
- Most common in dogs, also sheep
- Glandular acini in layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelium
- Often mucin filled acini
Transitional cell carcinoma
- Most common in dogs
- Thick stratified layer of cuboidal cells with distinct basement membrane
- Large growth may be separated by fibrovascular septa
- May contain microcysts that could be confused with adenocarcinoma above
Squamous cell carcinoma
- In cats they arise mainly from nasal vestibule
- In horses they originate mainly from maxillary sinus
- Most common nasal tumour
- Serosanquineous or mucopurulent, odourous nasal discharge
- Tissue necrosis
- May cause airway obstruction or facial distortion
Olfactory neuroblastoma
- Rare, mainly occurs in cats
- Arises from ethmoturbinates in caudal region of nasal cavity
- May penetrate cribriform plate into cerebral cortex
Ethmoturbinate tumours (papillomas and adenocarcinomas)
- In horses and other species
- Multiple species may be affected on one premises
- Arising from olfactory cells are endemic in some parts of the world for unknown reason
- May be caused by a virus?
Progressive ethmoidal haematoma
- Slowly expanding non-neoplastic mass of horses
- Originates from submucosa of ethmoidal labyrinth
- Either from nasal or sinusal portion of ethmoid labyrinth
- Unilateral, can extend to nostrils or choanae
- Rarely elsewhere in sinuses
- Expands to nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx causing destruction of tissue
- Micro - haemorrhage, calcification of connective tissue fibres
- Aspergillus spp. may be present on the lesion
- May cause epistaxis
- Can recur after surgical excision
- May arise subsequently to chronic inflammation
Nasal polyps
- Polypoid thickening of the inflamed nasal musosa, hyperplastic epithelium
- Pinkish, often pedunculated masses, round, often large and multiple proturberences into the nasal meatus
- Can arise subsequently to chronic inflammation
- Old polyps may becoma fibrous
- May recur when excised
- Necessary to distinguish from neoplasia
- Common in cats, less often in dogs, also horses and sheep
- Also see Progressive haematoma of horses and Nasopharyngeal polyps of cats
Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts
- Mimic infection or neoplasms
- Expand and destroy surrounding tissue
- Epithelial capsule with haemorrhagic or yellow fluid
- Do not tend to recur after surgery