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...e thoracic cavity. Two types of hiatal hernia have been recognised in the dog and cat: ...us of the diaphragm. This is the most common form and it can occur in the dog and cat as a congenital or acquired lesion. Congenital hernias result from

...It passes over the [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] then through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. It passes over the dorsal border of the [[Liver - :Dog and ruminant = 100%

....jpg|thumb|right|250px|Endoscopic image showing marked inflammation of the oesophageal mucosa<br><small> Copyright David Walker 2007 RVC]]</small> ...d, it may progress to ulceration, [[Rupture of the Oesophagus|rupture]], [[Oesophageal Stricture|stricture formation]] or derangement of normal motility ([[Megaoe

Key-Gaskell Syndrome refers to the clinical signs observed in cats with abnormal ...rome) in a closed colony of pet cats.''' ''Vet Rec. 2003 Sep 27;153(13):387-92.''</ref> in the past in the UK, continental Europe and occasionally in th

...n in the cat, dog, horse and cow. They are most likely to develop in '''non-pigmented areas''' of the skin as there is a known association between their * '''Proliferative''' — cauliflower-like lesions

[[Image:Praa.gif|thumb|right|200px|<center>Post-mortem specimen of an animal with a persistent right aortic arch <br><small> ...ormal embryonic development there are five pairs of aortic arch arteries (1-6, 5 is absent) that undergo developmental changes necessary to form the maj

Also known as: '''''Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ...enal ulceration''']] and [[Oesophagitis|'''oesophagitis''']] due to gastro-oesophageal reflux. In severe cases of the disease, deep gastric ulcers may erode blood

'''Drugs and toxins''' including L-asparginase, oestrogen, azathioprine, potassium bromide, furosemide, thiazid ...e pancreatic duct, surgical intervention, [[shock]], [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]], venous occlusion and hypotension.

...due to a defect or absence of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane (in the congenital form) or due to the presence of antibod ...tors is not known but an association with thymomas and other [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasia]] has been documented.

* Due to the intracytoplasmic accumulation of [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Lipofuscin|lipofuscin]] within the muscle fibres. **** The most striking example is the squamous metaplasia of the oesophageal glands in the chicken.

:[[L-Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT)]] ==Pathology==

...lity to produce, release or respond to the thyroid hormones, tri- and tetra-iodothyronine (T3 and T4). T3 and T4 are produced in the thyroid glands unde ...yroiditis. Lymphocytic thyroiditis may occur concurrently with other immune-mediated endocrine diseases such as lymphocytic parathyroiditis or [[Hypoadr

...m. In carnivores the liver weighs about 3-5% of body weight, in omnivores 2-3% and in herbivores 1.5%. the liver is much heavier in young animals than o ...age:Topography of the Liver.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Topography of the Liver (Dog)- Copyright RVC 2008]]

...umulation of [[Uraemia|uraemic toxins]]''' and the '''dysregulation of acid-base, fluid and electrolyte balances'''. ...ve but may be reversible. It can result from pre-renal, intra-renal or post-renal factors.

...e regulated by a number of hormonal factors that act on the enzymes hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). HSL is responsible for ...lipidosis during periods of stress or anorexia. Most cases occur in middle-aged cats with no apparent breed predisposition.