Difference between revisions of "Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology"

Revision as of 17:55, 10 December 2010

Overview

The abomasum is the fourth chamber in the ruminant. It functions similarily to the carnivore stomach as it is glandular and functions to digest food chemically, rather than mechanically or by fermentation like the other 3 chambers of the ruminant stomach.

The abomasum differs in its position within the abdomen, depending on fullness of the other chambers of the stomach, intrinsic abomasonal activity, contractions of the rumen and reticulum (to which it is attached) and by age and pregnancy.

Displacement of the abomasum to the left or to the right is a common disorder affecting dairy cows due to high concentrate feed.

Structure

Abomasum Anatomy (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008

The abomasum lies upon the abdominal floor. The cranial part is split into the pylorus and body. There is also a caudal part. It is covered by the lesser omentum. It has 15-20 folds inside. The torus is at the pyloric exit. The outflow is fairly constant. There is motility at the pylorus (peristalsis). There is some control at the pyloric sphincter. The abomasum is large in newborn animals. The proximal ends of the abomasal folds forms a plug preventing reflux into the omasum. It has thin walls and a serousa covering.

Function

The function of the abomasum is the chemical breakdown of food. It secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. It has some intrinsic motility. Impaired motility can cause distension. The movements are slow, contractions occur first in the proximal part and are more forceful at the pyloric part.

Vasculature

The vasculature of the abomasum includes the cranial mesenteric artery, the celiac artery and the left gastric and left gasrtoepiploic arteries.

Innervation

The innervation of the abomasum includes the dorsal vagus nerve (CN X) and the ventral vagus nerve (CN X) (most important).

Lymphatics

Single lymph nodules are present at the junction between the epithelium and the lamina propria. Numerous small lymph nodes are scattered in the abomasal curvatures. The lymph drains to larger atrial nodes between the cardia and omasum, then to the hepatic lymph nodes.

Histology

Abomasum Histology (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008

Simple columnar epithelium

3 layers of tunica muscularis- inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal

Lamina muscularis thicker (3 separate layers)

Gastric glands in lamina propria of mucosal layer in pyloric region (lighter part)

Heavily coated by mucous for protection

Submucosa contains loose connective tissue, many blood vessels and unilocular adipocytes

Deep gastric pits

Coiled glands in lamina propria opening into gastric pits

Pink inner mucosa

Rugae are present in the pyloric region

Torus (large swelling) is present at the pyloric passage to narrow the lumen

Dark mucosa of fundus and body contain peptic glands

Species Differences

Small Ruminants

The abomasum can contact the liver. The abomasum is proportionately larger than in cattle.

Links

Test yourself with the Abomasum Flashcards

Click here for Abomasum Histology

Click here for Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology

Click here for Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology

Click here for Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology

Video links:

1.Pot 52 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant

2.Pot 175 Sections of the Ruminant Stomach

3.Pot 47 Ovine Omasum and Abomasum

4.Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax

5.Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen

6.Structure of the ruminant forestomachs

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
 ==Overview==
-The '''abomasum''' is the fourth chamber in the ruminant. It functions similarly to the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|carnivore stomach]] as it is glandular and digests food chemically, rather than mechanically or by fermentation like the other 3 chambers of the ruminant stomach.
+The '''abomasum''' is the fourth chamber in the ruminant. It functions similarily to the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|carnivore stomach]] as it is glandular and functions to digest food chemically, rather than mechanically or by fermentation like the other 3 chambers of the ruminant stomach.
-The '''abomasum''' differs in its position within the abdomen, depending on fullness of the other chambers of the stomach, intrinsic abomasonal activity, contractions of the '''[[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]''' and '''[[Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]]''' (to which it is attached) and by age and pregnancy status.
+The '''abomasum''' differs in its position within the abdomen, depending on fullness of the other chambers of the stomach, intrinsic abomasonal activity, contractions of the '''[[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]''' and '''[[Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]]''' (to which it is attached) and by age and pregnancy.
 [[Displaced Abomasum|Displacement of the abomasum]] to the left or to the right is a common disorder affecting dairy cows due to high concentrate feed.
@@ Line 13: / Line 12: @@
 [[Image:Abomasum Anatomy Sheep.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Abomasum Anatomy (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
-The '''abomasum''' lies upon the abdominal floor. The cranial part is split into the '''pylorus''' and '''body'''. There is also a caudal part. It is covered by the '''lesser omentum'''. It has 15-20 folds inside. The '''torus''' is at the pyloric exit. The outflow is fairly constant. There is motility at the '''pylorus''' (peristalsis) and some control at the '''pyloric sphincter'''. The abomasum is large in newborn animals. The proximal ends of the abomasal folds form a plug preventing reflux into the '''[[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum]]'''. It has thin walls and a serosa covering.
+The '''abomasum''' lies upon the abdominal floor. The cranial part is split into the '''pylorus''' and '''body'''. There is also a caudal part. It is covered by the '''lesser omentum'''. It has 15-20 folds inside. The '''torus''' is at the pyloric exit. The outflow is fairly constant. There is motility at the '''pylorus''' (peristalsis). There is some control at the '''pyloric sphincter'''. The abomasum is large in newborn animals. The proximal ends of the abomasal folds forms a plug preventing reflux into the '''[[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|omasum]]'''. It has thin walls and a serousa covering.
 ==Function==
-The function of the abomasum is the chemical breakdown of food. It secretes '''hydrochloric acid''' and '''pepsinogen'''. It has some intrinsic motility. Impaired motility can cause distension. The movements are slow, contractions occur first in the proximal part and are more forceful at the pyloric part.
+The function of the abomasum is the chemical breakdown of food. It secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. It has some intrinsic motility. Impaired motility can cause distension. The movements are slow, contractions occur first in the proximal part and are more forceful at the pyloric part.
 ==Vasculature==
-The vasculature of the abomasum includes the '''cranial mesenteric artery''', the '''celiac artery''' and the '''left gastric''' and '''left gastroepiploic''' arteries.
+The vasculature of the abomasum includes the '''cranial mesenteric artery''', the '''celiac artery''' and the '''left gastric''' and '''left gasrtoepiploic''' arteries.
 ==Innervation==
@@ Line 34: / Line 33: @@
 [[Image:Abomasum Histology Sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Abomasum Histology (Sheep) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
-The abomasum has a simple columnar epithelium. There are 3 layers of '''''tunica muscularis''''' - inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal. The '''''lamina muscularis''''' is thicker and has 3 separate layers.
+*Simple columnar epithelium
-Gastric glands are present in the '''''lamina propria''''' of the mucosal layer in the pyloric region (lighter part). The abomasum is heavily coated by mucous for protection. The submucosa contains loose connective tissue, many blood vessels and unilocular adipocytes. The coiled glands in the ''lamina propria'' open into deep gastric pits. The inner mucosa is pink. '''Rugae''' are present in the pyloric region and a '''torus''' (large swelling) is present at the pyloric passage to narrow the lumen. The dark mucosa of the fundus and body contains peptic glands.
+*3 layers of tunica muscularis- inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal
+*Lamina muscularis thicker (3 separate layers)
+*Gastric glands in lamina propria of mucosal layer in pyloric region (lighter part)
+*Heavily coated by mucous for protection
+*Submucosa contains loose connective tissue, many blood vessels and unilocular adipocytes
+*Deep gastric pits
+*Coiled glands in lamina propria opening into gastric pits
+*Pink inner mucosa
+*Rugae are present in the pyloric region
+*Torus (large swelling) is present at the pyloric passage to narrow the lumen
+*Dark mucosa of fundus and body contain peptic glands
 ==Species Differences==
@@ Line 44: / Line 63: @@
 ==Links==
+'''Test yourself with [[The Stomachs of the Ruminant - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards#The Abomasum|the Abomasum Flashcards]]'''
+'''Click here for [[Abomasum - Histology|Abomasum Histology]]'''
 '''Click here for [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''
@@ Line 50: / Line 73: @@
 '''Click here for [[Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology|Omasum - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''
-<br><br>
-{{Learning
-|flashcards = [[Abomasum Flashcards]]
-<!-----|videos = [http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0052.mp4 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/pot0175.mp4 Sections of the Ruminant Stomach]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/ovine/Pot0047.mp4 Ovine Omasum and Abomasum]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LeftSideTopography.mp4 Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RuminantStomachStructure.mp4 Structure of the ruminant forestomachs]---->
-|powerpoints = [[Ruminant Gastrointestinal Tract Histology resource|Histology of the ruminant gastrointestinal tract]]
-}}
-==Webinars==
+'''Video links:'''
-<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
+.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/Pot0052.mp4 Pot 52 Lateral view of the Abdomen of a young Ruminant]
+.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/bovine/pot0175.mp4 Pot 175 Sections of the Ruminant Stomach]
+.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/ovine/Pot0047.mp4 Pot 47 Ovine Omasum and Abomasum]
+.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LeftSideTopography.mp4 Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax]
+.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]
+.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RuminantStomachStructure.mp4 Structure of the ruminant forestomachs]
 [[Category:Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology]]
-[[Category:A&P Done]]
+[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]][[Category:To Do - AP Review]]
-[[Category:Alimentary Anatomy - Cattle]]