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| − | Also known as: '''''FORL — Neck lesions — Feline Tooth Resorption — Cervical Line Lesions — Dental Resorptive Lesions — Feline Caries — RL''''' | + | Also known as: '''''FORL — Neck lesions''' |
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| | ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| − | [[File:Tooth resorption 1.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 1: Feline tooth resorption]]
| + | Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORLs) are the most commonly seen dental lesions in cats. On examination, there is a loss of dental tissue on the [[Enamel Organ#Crown|crown]] or at the neck of the teeth. The crown may be completely resorbed with the remaining root covered with [[Gingiva|gingiva]]. |
| − | [[File:Tooth resorption 2.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 2: Feline tooth resorption - focal hyperplastic gingival tissue covering the tooth defect]]
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| − | [[File:Tooth resorption 3.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 3: Feline tooth resorption - red spot on crown of the tooth]]
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| − | [[File:Tooth resorption 4.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 4: Feline tooth resorption - red spot on crown of the tooth]] | |
| − | [[File:TR5.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 5: Feline tooth resorption - Missing/fractured teeth; site may have inflamed covering gingiva and/or bony swelling.]]
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| − | [[File:Explorer probe and dental resorption.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 6: Explorer probe being used to identify tooth resorption in the 4th premolar]]
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| − | [[File:Tooth resorption 7.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image 7: Feline tooth resorption radiograph]]
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| − | [[File:Cat mandibular radiograph 1.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Tooth resorption]]
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| − | Feline tooth resorption or feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (RL) (also referred to as cervical line lesions, neck lesions, dental resorptive lesions and feline caries) affect more than one third of adult domestic cats and are the second most common [[:Category:Oral Diseases - Cat|oral problem seen in cats]] (after [[periodontitis]]), with prevalence increasing with age (image 1).
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| − | On examination, there is a loss of dental tissue on the [[Tooth - Anatomy & Physiology#Crown|crown]] or at the neck of the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]]. The crown may be completely resorbed with the remaining root covered with [[Gingiva|gingiva]].
| + | The aetiology and pathogenesis of FORLs has not yet been demonstrated but is almost certainly multifactorial. Possible hypotheses that have been suggested include, the texture of the diet, abnormal calcium regulation, hypervitaminosis A, mechanical stress, anatomical abnormalities of the teeth, viral infections and plaque bacteria and periodontal disease. |
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| − | ==Aetiology and Pathogenesis==
| + | They affect 20% of cats. |
| − | | |
| − | The aetiology and pathogenesis of FORLs has not yet been demonstrated but is almost certainly multifactorial. Possible hypotheses that have been suggested include, the texture of the diet, abnormal calcium regulation, [[Hypervitaminosis A|hypervitaminosis A]], mechanical stress, [[Developmental Dental Conditions|anatomical abnormalities of the teeth]], [[:Category:Cat Viruses|viral infections]] and plaque bacteria and [[Periodontal Disease|periodontal disease]].
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| − | Hard tissues are protected from resorption by their surface layers of blast cells. It appears that as long as these layers are intact, resorption cannot occur. However bone, [[dentine]] and [[cementum]] are mesenchymal, mineralized tissues composed mainly of collagen and hydroxyapatite, and they differ markedly in their susceptibility to resorption.
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| − | Two mechanisms are involved in resorption of hard tissue:
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| − | # The trigger
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| − | # A reason for the resorption to continue
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| − | | |
| − | The trigger mechanism in root resorption is a root surface detached from its protective blast cell layer. For the resorption to continue, a stimulus is required, e.g. infection or a continuous mechanical force.
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| − | | |
| − | Root resorption always starts at a surface, and is termed '''internal if emanating from the root canal wall''' and as '''external if emanating from the root surface'''. Internal resorption is rare in permanent teeth. Histological examination reveals resorption of the internal aspect of the root by multinucleated [[Giant Cells|giant cells]] adjacent to granulation tissue in the pulp. There are different theories regarding the origin of the pulpal granulation tissue involved in internal resorption. The most logical explanation is that it is pulp tissue that is inflamed because of an infected coronal pulp space. In addition to the requirement of the presence of granulation tissue, root resorption takes place only if the [[odontoblast]] layer and predentine are lost or altered. Traditionally, a pink tooth has been thought pathognomonic of internal root resorption; the pink colour is caused by granulation tissue in the coronal dentine undermining the crown [[enamel]]. However, a pink tooth can also be a feature of a specific type of external root resorption, namely peripheral inflammatory external root resorption (detailed later), which must be ruled out before a diagnosis of internal root resorption is made. A pink tooth can also be due to pulpal haemorrhage. There are different forms of external root resorption described in man. The underlying mechanism is understood for some of these, whereas other forms are still unexplained and therefore termed idiopathic. A classification system for external root resorptions that have a known mechanism has been proposed in man and is as follows:
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| − | # Surface resorption
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| − | # Replacement resorption associated with ankylosis
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| − | # Inflammatory resorption
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| − | This classification system works for external root resorption in cats and dogs as well.
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| − | '''SURFACE RESORPTION''' - is initiated subsequent to injury of the [[cementoblast]] layer. It is thought that minor traumas caused by unintentional biting on hard objects, bruxism, etc. can cause localized damage to the [[Tooth - Anatomy & Physiology#Periodontal Ligament|periodontal ligament]] and trigger this type of resorption. The process is self-limiting and reversible.
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| − | '''REPLACEMENT RESORPTION''' - results in replacement of the dental hard tissue by [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology|bone]]. When a surface resorption stops, cells from the periodontal ligament will proliferate and populate the resorbed area. Cells from the nearby bone may then arrive first and establish themselves on the resorbed surface. Bone will thus be formed directly upon the dental hard tissue. This results in fusion between bone and tooth, i.e. ankylosis. When the resorptive process is over, the [[osteoblasts]] will form bone in the resorbed area. In this way the dental tissues will gradually be replaced by bone.
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| − | '''INFLAMMATORY RESORPTION''' - In addition to apical root resorption caused by apical [[periodontitis]] as a consequence of pulpal necrosis, there are two main forms of external resorption associated with inflammation in the periodontal tissues, namely:
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| − | # Peripheral inflammatory root resorption (PIRR)
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| − | # External inflammatory root resorption (EIRR).
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| − | Both forms are triggered by destruction of the cementoblasts. In PIRR, the osteoclast-activating factors, which perpetuate the resorptive process, are provided by an inflammatory lesion in the adjacent periodontal tissues. EIRR, on the other hand, receives its stimulus for continued resorption from an infected necrotic pulp. In other words, the common factor for these two types of resorption is inflammation in the adjacent tissues.
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| − | Tooth resorption in cats accounts for a large proportion of the dental case load seen in general veterinary practice. Most studies have shown an increased incidence with increasing age. The lesions have also been shown to occur in both feral and wild cats, and in other species, e.g. man, dog and chinchilla.
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| − | | |
| − | It is likely that the lesions are either peripheral inflammatory root resorption (triggered by inflammation of periodontal tissues) or replacement resorption (idiopathic).
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| | ==Typical Signalment== | | ==Typical Signalment== |
| − | There are no sex or breed predispositions, however, it does become more prevalent with age. | + | There are no sex or breed predispositions, however, it does become more prevalent with increasing age. |
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| − | ==Clinical Signs== | + | ==Diagnosis== |
| | + | ===Clinical Signs=== |
| | Anorexia, drooling, lethargy and pain on contact with the lesions. | | Anorexia, drooling, lethargy and pain on contact with the lesions. |
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| − | Clinically, they commonly present as a cavity at the cemento-enamel junction of the tooth. However, studies which included radiography have demonstrated that the resorption can occur anywhere on the root surfaces, i.e. not necessarily at the cemento-enamel junction.
| + | ===Oral Examination=== |
| − |
| + | Visual Examination will identify the lesions or inflammed gingiva that overlies the remaining root. |
| − | All types of teeth in the feline dentition may be affected by tooth resorption but molar and premolar teeth are more frequently affected than canine and incisor teeth. Also, the buccal/labial surfaces tend to be more likely to be affected compared to the lingual/palatal aspect of the tooth. The lesions are often bilaterally symmetrical.
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| − | ==Diagnosis== | |
| − | | |
| − | The lesions can be detected by means of a combination of visual inspection, tactile examination with a [[Dental Explorer|dental explorer]] and [[Intra-Oral Radiography - Small Animal|radiography]].
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| − | ====[[Oral Examination - Small Animal|Oral Examination]]====
| + | Lesions that are subgingival may be identified using a dental probe. |
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| − | Visual inspection and tactile examination with a dental explorer will only identify end-stage lesions, i.e. when the process involves the crown and has resulted in an obvious cavity.
| + | ===Diagnostic Imaging=== |
| | + | Radiographic signs of FORLs include erosion of alveolar bone at the cementoenamel junction, root resorption, root ankylosis and subsequent periodontal space loss and resorption of the dental crown. |
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| − | Signs on visual inspection which are consistent with RLs:
| + | ===Classifying the Lesions=== |
| − | * Focal hyperplastic gingival tissue covering the tooth defect. This gingival covering is usually, but not always, inflamed (image 2).
| + | Classifying the lesions allows a logical treatment regime to be implemented. It can be based on the severity of the resorptive lesions. |
| − | * Red spot on crown of the tooth as seen in the images (images 3 and 4).
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| − | * Missing/fractured teeth; site may have inflamed covering gingiva and/or bony swelling (image 5).
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| − | * Root fragments
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| − | ====[[Intra-Oral Radiography - Small Animal|Intra-Oral Radiography]]====
| + | {| style="width:100%; height:200px" border="1" |
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| − | A definitive diagnosis can only be made after an examination and intra-oral radiography with the cat [[Oral Examination Under General Anaesthesia|under general anaesthesia]]. The lesion can be felt as a concavity using a sharp explorer probe (image 6). Lesions are often only detected once the calculus has been removed.
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| − | Visualisation is aided by drying the teeth using the air stream from a dental air-water syringe. With normal teeth, the marginal gingiva will lift away from the tooth when the air is directed at the base of the [[Tooth - Anatomy & Physiology#Crown|crown]], but with RLs, the soft tissue seems “stuck” to the underlying tooth. General anaesthesia is imperative as examination of these lesions in a conscious cat is painful.
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| − | Radiography will identify lesions that are localized to the root surfaces within the [[Tooth - Anatomy & Physiology#Alveolar Bone|alveolar bone]], which cannot be detected by clinical methods. Radiography is also required to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the extent and type of the lesion. Radiographs often reveal a lesion that is more advanced than originally suspected from the clinical examination (image 7).
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| − | [[Radiographic Interpretation of Tooth Resorption - Small Animal|Radiographic Features of RLs]]: <br>
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| − | a) Loss of integrity of the periodontal ligament space. <br>
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| − | b) Loss of the lamina dura.<br>
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| − | c) Irregularities on the root surface.<br>
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| − | d) Diffuse decrease in radiodensity of the entire root compared with adjacent roots.<br>
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| − | e) Radiolucent areas within the root dentine often extending into the crown dentine.<br>
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| − | f) Replacement of root substance by bone-like tissue. <br>
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| − | g) Resorbing roots present with clinically missing crown. <br>
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| − | For more information see [[Radiographic Interpretation of Tooth Resorption - Small Animal|radiographic interpretation of tooth resorption]].
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| − | ====Classifying the Lesions====
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| − | Classification of tooth resorption :
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| − | [http://www.avdc.org/nomenclature.html#resorption American Veterinary Dental College classification pictures]
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| − | | |
| − | <center>
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| − | {| style="width:80%; cellspacing="2" border="1" | |
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| | ! '''Disease type''' | | ! '''Disease type''' |
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| − | |'''Stage 1 (TR 1)''' | + | |'''Stage 1''' |
| − | |Mild dental hard tissue loss ([[cementum]] or cementum and [[enamel]]). | + | |[[Enamel Organ#Enamel|Enamel]] only |
| | + | |- |
| | + | |'''Stage 2''' |
| | + | |Enamel and dentine |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |'''Stage 2 (TR 2)''' | + | |'''Stage 3''' |
| − | |Moderate dental hard tissue loss (cementum or cementum and enamel with loss of dentin that does not extend to the pulp cavity). | + | |Pulp exposure |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |'''Stage 3 (TR 3)''' | + | |'''Stage 4''' |
| − | |Deep dental hard tissue loss (cementum or cementum and enamel with loss of dentin that extends to the pulp cavity); most of the tooth retains its integrity. | + | |Extensive structural damage |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |'''Stage 4 (TR 4)''' | + | |'''Stage 5a''' |
| − | |Extensive dental hard tissue loss (cementum or cementum and enamel with loss of dentin that extends to the pulp cavity); most of the tooth has lost its integrity. <br> | + | |[[Enamel Organ#Crown|Crown]] is resorbed but the roots are retained. |
| − | '''TR4a''' - Crown and root are equally affected. Extensive dental hard tissue loss (cementum or cementum and enamel with loss of dentin that extends to the pulp cavity); most of the tooth has lost its integrity.<br>
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| − | '''TR4b''' - Crown is more severely affected than the root. Extensive dental hard tissue loss (cementum or cementum and enamel with loss of dentin that extends to the pulp cavity); most of the tooth has lost its integrity.<br>
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| − | '''TR4c''' - Root is more severely affected than the crown.
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| | |- | | |- |
| − | |'''Stage 5 (TR 5)''' | + | |'''Stage 5b''' |
| − | |Remnants of dental hard tissue are visible only as irregular radiopacities, and gingival covering is complete. | + | |Crown is intact but the root is resorbed |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | </center>
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| − |
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Currently, the suggested methods for management of odontoclastic resorptive lesions are:
| + | ==Pathology== |
| | + | Odontoclasts attack external and internal to the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]]. Initially they start at the neck/cervical region and extend into [[Enamel Organ#Root|tooth root]] they also enter the root via the apical foramen (stage 3 lesions). |
| | + | Odontoclasts are normally only active in young animals to resorb the [[Tooth Development|deciduous teeth]] to make way for the [[Tooth Development#Permanent Tooth|permanent teeth]] so this is abnormal activation in adults. |
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| − | # Conservative management | + | FORLs are different from [[Dental Caries|dental caries]] which is demineralization by bacteria fermenting carbohydrate on the [[Enamel Organ#Enamel|enamel]]. |
| − | # Tooth extraction
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| − | # Coronal amputation
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| − | Historically, restoration of the tooth surface has been recommended for the treatment of accessible lesions that extend into the dentine and do not involve pulp tissue. However, several studies have shown that tooth resorption continues and the restorations are lost. Consequently, the use of restoration of odontoclastic lesions as a major treatment technique cannot be recommended.
| + | Additionally there may also be inflammatory infiltrates into the resportive lesions. |
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| − | ====Conservative Management==== | + | ==Treatment== |
| − | This consists of monitoring the lesions clinically and radiographically. This approach is recommended for lesions that are not evident on clinical examination, i.e. only seen radiographically, and there is no evidence of discomfort or pain. In general practice, most lesions are only diagnosed when pathology is extensive and conservative management is rarely an option.
| + | There are various treatment options available for the different stages of disease. |
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| − | In most cases, extraction or coronal amputation of an affected tooth is indicated. Preoperative radiographs are mandatory to allow selection of the appropriate treatment option.
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| − | ====Extraction====
| + | '''Stage 1-2''' |
| − | Teeth with resorption are notoriously difficult to extract, as the root is resorbing and being replaced by bone-like tissue. Moreover, there are areas of ankylosis, i.e. fusion of bone and tooth substance, along the root surface.
| + | These require a scale and polish, fluoride treatment and the use of pit and fissure sealant. |
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| − | Teeth affected by resorption can be extracted using a closed technique, but an open technique is usually less traumatic to the tissues and easier to perform. The teeth are often prone to fracture so an open technique allows good access to any root fragments remaining.
| + | '''Stage 2''' |
| | + | Firstly a Scale and polish followed by restoration of the tooth using glass ionomer, compomer or composite (high failure rate.) |
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| − | ====Coronal Amputation====
| + | '''Stage 2-4''' |
| − | The indications for, and outcome of, coronal amputation have been well documented and the procedure is recommended for selected cases, but needs radiographic monitoring at regular intervals postoperatively to ensure that the root is resorbing and that healing is uneventful. In brief, the technique involves raising a gingival flap to expose the margin of the alveolar bone. The crown of the affected tooth is amputated using a small round bur. A small amount of root tissue is also removed with the bur, just enough to ensure that the intentionally retained root(s) is (are) apical to the alveolar margin. The gingival flap is replaced and sutured in place. This technique is only appropriate for teeth that do not have any radiographic evidence of [[Endodontic Conditions|endodontic disease]] (ie. periapical inflammation) or [[periodontitis]], and teeth in cats with gingivostomatitis should be removed entirely.
| + | Extractions are necessary and also crown amputation whilst retaining the root. |
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| | + | '''Stage 5a''' |
| | + | Extractions again whilst retaining the root. |
| | | | |
| | + | '''Stage 5b''' |
| | + | Lesions require crown amputation. |
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| | {{Learning | | {{Learning |
| | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28%22neck+lesions%22%29+OR+title%3A%28FORL%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Odontoclastic+Resorptive+Lesions%22%29%29+AND+od%3A%28cats%29 Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions publications] | | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28%22neck+lesions%22%29+OR+title%3A%28FORL%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Odontoclastic+Resorptive+Lesions%22%29%29+AND+od%3A%28cats%29 Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions publications] |
| − | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis60094.asp Resorption lesions]
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| | }} | | }} |
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| − | {{Lisa Milella reviewed | + | {{review}} |
| − | |date = 22 October 2014}}
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| − | {{Waltham}}
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| | {{OpenPages}} | | {{OpenPages}} |
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| | [[Category:Teeth_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Cat]] | | [[Category:Teeth_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Cat]] |
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| − | | + | [[Category:Expert_Review]] |
| − | [[Category:Dental Conditions]] | |
| − | [[Category:Lisa Milella reviewed]]
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| − | [[Category:Waltham reviewed]]
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Also known as: FORL — Neck lesions
Introduction
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORLs) are the most commonly seen dental lesions in cats. On examination, there is a loss of dental tissue on the crown or at the neck of the teeth. The crown may be completely resorbed with the remaining root covered with gingiva.
The aetiology and pathogenesis of FORLs has not yet been demonstrated but is almost certainly multifactorial. Possible hypotheses that have been suggested include, the texture of the diet, abnormal calcium regulation, hypervitaminosis A, mechanical stress, anatomical abnormalities of the teeth, viral infections and plaque bacteria and periodontal disease.
They affect 20% of cats.
Typical Signalment
There are no sex or breed predispositions, however, it does become more prevalent with increasing age.
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Anorexia, drooling, lethargy and pain on contact with the lesions.
Oral Examination
Visual Examination will identify the lesions or inflammed gingiva that overlies the remaining root.
Lesions that are subgingival may be identified using a dental probe.
Diagnostic Imaging
Radiographic signs of FORLs include erosion of alveolar bone at the cementoenamel junction, root resorption, root ankylosis and subsequent periodontal space loss and resorption of the dental crown.
Classifying the Lesions
Classifying the lesions allows a logical treatment regime to be implemented. It can be based on the severity of the resorptive lesions.
| Disease type
|
Area affected
|
| Stage 1
|
Enamel only
|
| Stage 2
|
Enamel and dentine
|
| Stage 3
|
Pulp exposure
|
| Stage 4
|
Extensive structural damage
|
| Stage 5a
|
Crown is resorbed but the roots are retained.
|
| Stage 5b
|
Crown is intact but the root is resorbed
|
Pathology
Odontoclasts attack external and internal to the tooth. Initially they start at the neck/cervical region and extend into tooth root they also enter the root via the apical foramen (stage 3 lesions).
Odontoclasts are normally only active in young animals to resorb the deciduous teeth to make way for the permanent teeth so this is abnormal activation in adults.
FORLs are different from dental caries which is demineralization by bacteria fermenting carbohydrate on the enamel.
Additionally there may also be inflammatory infiltrates into the resportive lesions.
Treatment
There are various treatment options available for the different stages of disease.
Stage 1-2
These require a scale and polish, fluoride treatment and the use of pit and fissure sealant.
Stage 2
Firstly a Scale and polish followed by restoration of the tooth using glass ionomer, compomer or composite (high failure rate.)
Stage 2-4
Extractions are necessary and also crown amputation whilst retaining the root.
Stage 5a
Extractions again whilst retaining the root.
Stage 5b
Lesions require crown amputation.
References
Tutt, C., Deeprose, J. and Crossley, D. (2007) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry (3rd Edition) BSAVA
Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual Merial
