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| − | {{review}} | + | {{frontpage |
| | + | |pagetitle =Oesophagus - Pathology |
| | + | |pagebody = <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;"> |
| | + | The [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] is the part of alimentary tract that tends to go wrong least often. |
| | + | Failure of [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal]] function results in obstruction and in failure of ingesta to pass to the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]. In the bovine there may also be failure of [[Eructation|eructation]] and tympany may develop. |
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| | + | '''Defence Mechanisms''' |
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| − | ==Introduction==
| + | The [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] has '''no serosa''' and is covered by the fibrous tissue of the neck and mediastinum, from which it derives its blood supply. Consequently, infection spreads easily and healing is more difficult. [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|Oesophageal]] disease is therefore difficult to treat and is very serious.</div> |
| − | *The [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] is the part of alimentary tract that tends to go wrong least often.
| + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Oesophagus - Pathology</categorytree> |
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| | + | </b></big> |
| | + | |logo =path-logo.png |
| | + | }} |
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| − | *Failure of [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal]] function results in obstruction and in failure of ingesta to pass to the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
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| − | *In the bovine there may also be failure of [[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]] and tympany may develop.
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| − | ==Defence Mechanisms==
| + | [[Category:Alimentary_System_-_Pathology|B]] |
| − | *The [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] has '''no serosa''' and is covered by the fibrous tissue of the neck and mediastinum, from which it derives its blood supply.
| + | [[Category:Oesophagus]] |
| − | *Consequently, infection spreads easily and healing is more difficult.
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| − | *[[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|Oesophageal]] disease is therefore difficult to treat and is consequently very serious.
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| − | ====[[Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex]]====
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| − | ====[[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]] of Other Species====
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| − | *Squamous cell carcinomas of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] are occasionally seen in other species, notably in the cat, where the tumour tends to infiltrate around the oesophageal wall resulting in a “'''ring carcinoma'''”.
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| − | *The affected cat has progressive difficulty in eating and [[Deglutition|swallowing]].
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| − | *Forms part of [[Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex]]
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| − | ==Traumatic Pathology==
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| − | ===Impaction===
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| − | {| style="color:darkblue;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
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| − | |'''Upper Block'''
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| − | |'''Lower Block'''
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| − | | Acute vomiting
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| − | | Gradual intestinal distention
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| − | | Dehydration
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| − | | Mucosal destruction
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| − | | Alkalosis
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| − | | Toxaemia
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| − | | Pre-renal azotaemia
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| − | | Peritonitis
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| − | |}
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| − | *Commonly in cattle, horses and dogs.
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| − | *The most common sites of obstruction are the '''thoracic inlet''', '''the base of the heart''', and the '''hiatus oesophagus''' of the diaphragm, i.e.: the narrowest points.
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| − | ====Clinical Signs====
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| − | ====Horse====
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| − | *With foods that expand in [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] such as haylage etc.
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| − | *Also seen with whole apples.
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| − | ====Cattle====
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| − | [[Image:Bovimpaction.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Impaction of a bovine oesophagus (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]] | |
| − | *May eat a spherical object that obstructs the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] mostly in anterior 1/3rd of [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] and can often be palpated in live animal.
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| − | *Potatoes can be a cheap source of feed and if fed whole can become stuck in [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]].
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| − | *If obstruction occurs further down can be difficult to diagnose and remove.
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| − | *Cattle develop bloat when [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] obstructed.
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| − | *Apples fairly easily to dislodge.
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| − | ====Dog====
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| − | *Usually with small bones
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| − | *Animals that feel protective of feed may gulp food down quickly, particularly if given small chops / knuckle bones.
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| − | *Knobbly shape may make bone lodge in [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]], particularly just anterior to heart.
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| − | *Very difficult to dislodge (because of shape).
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| − | *Pressure necrosis occurs very quickly around it and can erode through [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] within about 24 hours.
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| − | *Small bone may also lodge in [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] if they pass through the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
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| − | ===Rupture===
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| − | *Perforation may occur with sharp foreign bodies. This may lead to [[cellulitis]] or [[pleurisy]] and other complications.
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| − | *Rupture of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] admits pathogenic organisms to the mediastinum and fascial planes of the neck. Both are composed of loose connective tissue and communicate with each other.
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| − | *Infection spreads rapidly as a cellulitis, aided possibly by peristalsis and pulsation of the carotid arteries, and soon leads to pleurisy.
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| − | *'''Rupture is almost always fatal.'''
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| − | ==Learning Tools==
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| − | [[Alimentary Flashcards - Pathology#Oesophagus Flashcards|Oesophagus Flashcards]]
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| − | [[Category:Alimentary_System_-_Pathology]]
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