Haematopoiesis - Overview

Blood cells

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Introduction

Haematopoiesis is also known as haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis and describes the process of blood cell formation. All blood cells are derived from the initial pluripotent stem cell (PPSC) which gives rise to colony forming units (CFUs). These CFUs further differentiate to give rise to their final stage of development where they become the various forms of blood cells or those cells which migrate from the circulation into tissues, such as mast cells and macrophages.

Development

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Avian Blood cells

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PPSC’s initially divide and differentiate into multipotential haematopoietic stem cells of one of two lineages: myeloid progenitors (granulocytes, erythroblasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes) or lymphoid progenitors (B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and NK cells).

The development of blood cells from the haematopoietic stem cell into the final mature cell is categorised into:

• The formation of red blood cells (Erythropoiesis)
• The formation of white blood cells (Leukopoiesis)
• The formation of platelets (Thrombopoiesis)

Leukopoiesis is further classified by the lineage of the white blood cell being formed, namely:

• Formation of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils (Granulopoiesis)
• Formation of B cells and T cells (Lymphopoiesis)

Hematopoyesis and Distribution of Cells in the Body

Erythrocytes, platelets and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) are derived from pluripotential stem cells. These give rise to multipotential colony-forming unit progenitors for granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes/macrophages and megakaryocytes. Under the influence of interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, committed stem cells develop into differentiated blood cells (erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and platelets). Neutrophils and monocytes develop from the same colony-forming unit. Although the bone marrow produces some lymphocytes most are derived from the peripheral lymphoid tissue.

The bone marrow also contains a reserve of mature cells, which can be released into the circulation. Thus, changes in the blood are affected by the reserve capacity of the bone marrow and the life span of cells in the circulation (canine erythrocytes 120 days, platelets 10 days, granulocytes 8 hours).

Haematopoiesis may occur in other organs particularly the spleen, less frequently the liver and even peripheral lymph nodes, if there is a marked increase in demand for cells. With increased tissue demands, mature reserves are depleted and immature cells are released into the circulation.

References: NationWide Laboratories

Bone Marrow Citology and Histology ©NationWide Laboratories 2017

Bone Marrow Histology

Foetal Haematopoiesis

Yolk Sac Phase

Blood islands from the mesoderm form in the yolk sac early in gestation. They provide primitive erythrocytes to support the developing embryo. These blood islands also give rise to the haematopoietic stem cells.

Haematopoiesis also occurs within the embryo at a region called the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region (AGM).

Hepatic Phase

As embryological development continues haematopoiesis shifts from the yolk sac and AGM to the foetal liver (and spleen). Haematopoietic areas form in the liver which become the main haematopoietic organ in the body. Erythropoiesis is the predominant process but some leukopoiesis occurs so the foetal liver can be considered a primary lymphoid organ.

Bone marrow phase

Haematopoiesis starts to occur in the bone marrow later in gestation, and the spleen becomes the main erythrocyte producing organ during the transitional phase from liver to bone marrow.

Haematopoiesis in Adults

Haematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow and maturation of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. In the bone marrow the haematopoietic cells are supported by stromal cells which generate the correct environment to induce the growth and development of the different blood cell types.

Lineages

The lineage of a blood cell is based on the multipotential stem cell that the cell is derived from.

• Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) are derived from the multipotential lymphoid stem cells
• Cells derived from the multipotential myeloid stem cells are either:
  • Erythroid lineage (forming erythrocytes) or
  • Myeloid lineage (forming neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils and platelets)

Colony Forming Units

CFU-L	(multipotential lymphoid stem cell forming T cells, B cells and NK cells)
CFU-GEMM	(multipotential myeloid stem cell, forming granulocytes, erythroblasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes)
CFU-E	(forming erythrocytes)
CFU-GM	(forming neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages)
CFU-Eo	(forming eosinophils)
CFU-Ba	(forming basophils)
CFU-Mast	(forming mast cells)
CFU-Meg	(forming platelets)

CFU Development

Pluripotential Stem Cell (PPSC)
Multipotential myeloid stem cell (CFU-GEMM)							Multipotential lymphoid stem cell (CFU-L)
Erythroid CFU (CFU-E)	Megakaryocyte CFU (CFU-Meg)	Granulocyte CFU (CFU-GM)		Basophil CFU (CFU-Ba)	Eosinophil CFU (CFU-Eo)	Mast Cell CFU (CFU-Mast)	-
		Neutrophil CFU (CFU-G)	Monocyte CFU (CFU-M)
Erythrocyte	Megakaryocyte	Neutrophil	Monocyte	Basophil	Eosinophil	Mast Cell	T cell, B cell & NK cell

Literature Search

|Vetstream = Bloods and Cardiology

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).

Role of hematopoitic stem cells in liver injury. Jahan, M. S.; Hind Agri-Horticultural Society, Muzaffarnagar, India, Asian Journal of Bio Science, 2010, 5, 1, pp 145-146, 6 ref. - Full Text Article

Hematopoyesis and Distribution of Cells in the Body: NationWide Laboratories