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==Indications for Exploratory Laparotomy==

==Indications for Exploratory Laparotomy==

[[Image:Pus in uterus donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Uterus distended with pus exteriorised ready for surgical removal. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

[[Image:Pus in uterus donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Uterus distended with pus exteriorised ready for surgical removal. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

[[Image:Drainage of pus donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Drainage of pus intra-operatively. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

[[Image:Drainage of pus donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Drainage of pus intra-operatively. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

Exploratory laparotomy may be required in the donkey, as in the horse, for emergency or elective purposes, such as surgical [[Colic - Donkey|colic]], caesareans, and uro-genital surgery.

Exploratory laparotomy may be required in the donkey, as in the horse, for emergency or elective purposes, such as surgical [[Colic - Donkey|colic]], caesareans, and uro-genital surgery.

As discussed, [[Colic - Donkey|colic]] in the donkey, especially [[Impaction Colic - Donkey|impaction colic]], may present with more subtle clinical signs than in a horse. However, acute signs of pain with nasogastric reflux and distended viscera are occasionally seen, and may indicate prompt surgical intervention. It is important to make an assessment of '''triglyceride levels and pancreatic enzymes''' as speedily as possible, as concurrent [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|hyperlipaemia]] and/or [[Pancreatitis - Donkey|pancreatitis]] will reduce the prognosis even if recognised and treated. '''Pancreatitis''' can present with signs of peracute pain in the anterior abdomen, which may be exacerbated by external ballotment behind the ventral sternum. In addition, peritoneal tap samples may show high levels of neutrophils, amylase and lipase.

As discussed, [[Colic - Donkey|colic]] in the donkey, especially [[Impaction Colic - Donkey|impaction colic]], may present with more subtle clinical signs than in a horse. However, acute signs of pain with nasogastric reflux and distended viscera are occasionally seen, and may indicate prompt surgical intervention. It is important to make an assessment of '''triglyceride levels and pancreatic enzymes''' as speedily as possible, as concurrent [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|hyperlipaemia]] and/or [[Pancreatitis - Donkey|pancreatitis]] will reduce the prognosis even if recognised and treated. '''Pancreatitis''' can present with signs of peracute pain in the anterior abdomen, which may be exacerbated by external ballotment behind the ventral sternum. In addition, peritoneal tap samples may show high levels of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], amylase and lipase.

==Examination==

==Examination==

We have used  

We have used  

*flank laparatomy for unilateral ovarian removal

*flank laparotomy for unilateral ovarian removal

* paramedian approach for cryptorchidism  

* paramedian approach for cryptorchidism  

* ventral abdominal approach for colic and caesarean operations

* ventral abdominal approach for colic and caesarean operations

The indications for, and treatment of, bladder stones and cryptorchidism are similar to those in the horse.

The indications for, and treatment of, bladder stones and cryptorchidism are similar to those in the horse.

The indications are as for the horse (e.g. foetal oversize, dystocia) and, in most cases, a '''ventral midline approach''' is used as in the horse. Many donkeys are poorly supervised around foaling and may be presented for dystocia in a state of '''endotoxic shock'''. In a paper by Bourassi and Kay (2006), the results of standing left flank approach to caesarean section under sedation and local anaesthesia is presented. Although the sample size was small, the authors comment that the technique may provide a safe, low cost and viable alternative to conventional mid-line laparotomy. In addition, the same authors suggest that donkeys carrying hinny foals may be more susceptible to dystocia due to poorer regulation of foetal growth.

[[Ovariectomy - Donkey|'''Ovariectomy''']]

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* Thiemann, A. (2008) Surgery In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 16

* Thiemann, A. (2008) Surgery In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 16

|linkpage =Surgery - Donkey

|linkpage =Surgery - Donkey

|linktext =Surgery - Donkey

|linktext =Surgery - Donkey

|pagetype=Donkey

|pagetype=Donkey

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