Lizard and Snake Renal Disease

Introduction

Massive renomegaly in an iguana. Note the possibility of colonic obstruction. (Copyright © RVC)

Histology of a normal iguana kidney. Note the clearly distinct cells of the glomerulus (Copyright © RVC)

Histology of an iguana kidney with gout. Note the darker staining tophus and indistinct glomerulus (Copyright © RVC)

Kidney disease in snakes and lizards is not uncommon; the main causes include gout, infectious agents and toxicoses. In an advanced state it may also be associated with metastatic soft tissue calcification, where calcium is deposited in many tissues throughout the body leading to a renal osteodystrophy. Kidney disease is common in iguanas and is a frequent cause of death in captive iguanas; most fatalities occur between 2.6 and 5.8 years, with 4.2 being the mean age with equal sex ratios.

Associated terms include: renal osteodystrophy, paradoxial metastatic calcification, metastatic mineralisation syndrome in green iguanas, and tubulonephrosis of iguanas.

The exact aetiology of renal disease in lizards is unknown but has historically been associated with:

• hypervitaminosis D or diets too high in protein, or

• visceral gout, or uric acid crystal (tophi) deposition in tissues, which may occur secondary to dehydration.

Examination

History may indicate husbandry problems such as lack of adequate water or recent treatment with possible nephrotoxic drugs. The presenting complaint is usually non-specific such as anorexia, weight loss, tremors, lethargy, flaccid paresis, distended abdomen and constipation. Physical examination may reveal nephromegaly (one or more lumps in the caudal third; in lizards, it may be palpable anterior to the pelvis or per cloaca) but there is often nothing significant found.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of renal disease may be suspected on history and physical examination. Diagnosis includes the following:

• History
• Physical examination
• Haematology - elevated PCV if dehydrated, sometimes increased white cell count with heterophilia
• Biochemistry - inverse calcium to phosphorus ratio; elevated phosphorus; uric acid elevates late in the disease
• Radiology - poor contrast in caudal abdomen may hamper detection of nephromegaly: metastatic mineralisation seen as increased density of soft tissues, especially smooth muscle of blood vessels (most noticeable in lung fields), intestine, bladder, oviducts
• Ultrasound - kidney enlargement
• Biopsy - kidney, confirmation of diagnosis on histology
• Necropsy - when metastatic calcification is present, pulmonary, mesenteric and great vessels have a firm, gritty consistency with a thickened lumen: nephromegaly

Urea and creatinine blood levels are not useful in the diagnosis of renal disease in reptiles. Snakes are uricotelic and uric acid levels increase with kidney failure. However, it is not a sensitive test for renal disease since damage to two thirds of the kidney may be necessary before an increase will be seen.

Uric acid is also not a specific test for renal disease since other factors such as diet and ambient temperature also affect the levels. Increased plasma phosphate levels and a reversed calcium to phosphate ratio are seen prior to changes in the uric acid level. Imaging may be useful and biopsy of the kidney gives the definitive diagnosis.

Therapy

Correct diet and environmental conditions may limit the progression of the disease. Consider a low phosphorus diet. Supportive therapy is especially important since there is often no specific treatment. The most important factors include fluid therapy and being kept within the preferred optimum temperature zone (POTZ). Allopurinol and phosphate binders have been advised but are often ineffective.

Euthanasia is often the final outcome.

Prevention

Appropriate housing and diet will help with prevention.

Renal failure is often seen when there is some insult such as dehydration or nephrotoxic drugs. Care must be taken when drugs are prescribed to ensure that the patient is adequately hydrated. As usual good husbandry practices are essential for the optimum health of captive reptiles.

Literature Search

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).


Reptile Renal Disease/System publications

Renal diagnostics - diagnosing reduced renal function (not renal failure!). Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1624, 4 ref. - Full Text Article

Urogenital tract diseases of reptiles and amphibians. Reavill, D. R.; Schmidt, R. E.; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 14th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 14-18 April, 2007, 2007, pp 87-109, 118 ref. - Full Text Article

Reptile and amphibian urinary tract medicine: diagnosis and therapy. Gibbons, P. M.; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 14th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 14-18 April, 2007, 2007, pp 69-86, 74 ref. - Full Text Article

Use of radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata). Sykes, J. M., IV; Greer, L. L.; Ramsay, E. C.; Daniel, G. B.; Baer, C. K. ; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Thirteenth Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 23-27 April, 2006, 2006, pp 55-58, 11 ref. - Full Text Article