Difference between revisions of "Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology"

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{|style="border:1px solid #cedff2;" align="right"
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|linkpage =Lymphoreticular & Haematopoietic System - Anatomy & Physiology
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|linktext =LYMPHORETICULAR & HAEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM (Ant & Phys)
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{|
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|tablelink = Lymphoreticular & Haematopoietic System (Table)- Anatomy & Physiology
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|[[Image:LH_Canine_labelled_lateral_abdominal_organs_radiograph.jpg|200px]]
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|conceptlink = Lymphoreticular & Haematopoietic System (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
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|[[Image:LH_Canine_labelled_ventrodorsal_abdominal_organs_radiograph.jpg|200px]]
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|sublink1 =Secondary Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology
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|-
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|subtext1 =SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE (Ant & Phys)
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!colspan="2"|<center>Location canine radiograph</center>
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}}
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|-
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!Lateral view
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!Ventrodorsal view
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|-
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|colspan="2"|<center><sup>©Nottingham Uni 2008</sup></center>
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|-
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|colspan="2"|<center>[[Image:LH Spleen Histology.jpg|200px]]</center>
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|-
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|colspan="2"|<center>'''Histological view'''</center>
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|-
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|colspan="2"|<center><sup>©Nottingham Uni 2008</sup></center>
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|}
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|}
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 +
==Introduction==
 +
The spleen is a major lymphoid and blood filtration organ and is located in the left cranial abdomen. It is responsible for storing and removing [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]] from the blood as well as antigen surveillance of the blood and antibody production.
 
==Development==
 
==Development==
−
<p>The spleen develops in association with the digestive system in the dorsal mesogastrium, and as the stomach rotates during development the spleen comes to occupy the left cranial abdomen. Haematopoietic cells in the spleen are derived from the AGM (aorta-gonad-mesonephros) and yolk sac and as the primary lymphoid organs become established it becomes populated with T and B lymphocytes.</p>
+
<p>The spleen develops in association with the digestive system in the dorsal mesogastrium, and as the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] rotates during development the spleen comes to occupy the left cranial abdomen. Haematopoietic cells in the spleen are derived from the AGM (aorta-gonad-mesonephros) and yolk sac and as the [[:Category:Primary Lymphoid Tissue|primary lymphoid organs]] become established it becomes populated with [[Lymphocytes#Types|T and B lymphocytes]].</p>
 
==Structure==
 
==Structure==
−
<p>The spleen lies vertically on the left side of the cranial abdomen. It is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach by the greater omentum. The spleen is covered in a enclosed in a capsule of fibrous and elastic tissue that extends into the parenchyma as trabeculae.  </p>
+
{|align="right"
−
<p> The parenchyma is supported by a fine mesh of reticular fibres and is divided into two types of tissue, the red and the white pulp. The red and white pulp are separated by the marginal sinus.</p>
+
|[[Image:LH_Spleen_Equine_Ultrasound.jpg|150px]]
 +
|[[Image:LH_Spleen_Histology.jpg|150px]]
 +
|-
 +
!<p>Normal Ultrasound</p> (Equine)
 +
!Histological section
 +
|-
 +
|colspan="2"|<center><sup>©Nottingham Uni 2008 </sup></center>
 +
|}
 +
<p>The spleen lies vertically on the left side of the cranial abdomen. It is attached to the greater curvature of the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] by the gastrosplenic ligament. The spleen is enclosed in a capsule of fibrous and elastic tissue that extends into the parenchyma as trabeculae.  </p>
 +
<p> The parenchyma is supported by a fine mesh of reticular fibres and is divided into two types of tissue, the red and the white pulp, which are separated by the marginal sinus.</p>
 
===Red Pulp===
 
===Red Pulp===
−
<p>The red pulp makes up the majority of the spleen and is composed of a network of cell cords in series with vascular sinuses. The splenic cords contain macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and other mature blood cells e.g. granulocytes and erythrocytes.  While the vascular sinuses are wide vascular channels lined with endothelial cells. Blood cells and fluid can pass into the splenic cords through fenestrations in the sinus walls. </p>
+
<p>The red pulp makes up the majority of the spleen and is composed of a network of cell cords in series with vascular sinuses. The splenic cords contain [[Macrophages|macrophages]], [[B cell differentiation#Plasma cells|plasma cells]], [[Lymphocytes - Introduction|lymphocytes]] and other mature blood cells e.g. [[Blood Cells - Overview|granulocytes]] and [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]].  While the vascular sinuses are wide vascular channels lined with endothelial cells. Blood cells and fluid can pass into the splenic cords through fenestrations in the sinus walls. </p>
 +
 
 
===White Pulp===
 
===White Pulp===
−
<p>White pulp is organised in relation to the splenic arterioles and consists of discrete lymphoid tissue surrounding a central arteriole. There is a sheath of T-cells directly around the arteriole, the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is surrounded by a marginal sinus, and then a zone of B-cells and macrophages (the marginal zone). B cell follicles are associated with the marginal zone and expand and develop germinal centres after antigen activation. The marginal sinuses are linked to the red pulp sinuses. </p>
+
<p>White pulp is organised in relation to the splenic arterioles and consists of discrete lymphoid tissue surrounding a central arteriole. There is a sheath of [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]] directly around the arteriole, the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is surrounded by a marginal sinus, and then a zone of [[Lymphocytes#B cells|B cells]] and [[Macrophages|macrophages]] (the marginal zone). B cell follicles are associated with the marginal zone and expand and develop germinal centres after antigen activation. The marginal sinuses are linked to the red pulp sinuses. </p><p>White pulp stains basophilic in a H&E stain</p>
 
====Species Differences====
 
====Species Differences====
 +
{|align="right"
 +
|<center>[[Image:LH_Spleen_Equine_photo.jpg|110px]]</center>
 +
|<center>[[Image:LH_Spleen_Bovine_photo.jpg|156px]]</center>
 +
|-
 +
!Equine
 +
!Bovine
 +
|-
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|colspan="2"|<center><sup>©Nottingham Uni 2008 </sup></center>
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|-
 +
|<center>[[Image:LH_Spleen_Canine_Photo.jpg|110px]]</center>
 +
|<center>[[Image:LH_Spleen_Ovine_Photo.jpg|150px]]</center>
 +
|-
 +
!Canine
 +
!Ovine
 +
|-
 +
|colspan="2"|<center><sup>©RVC 2008</sup></center>
 +
|}
 
<p>The capsule and trabeculae are much more muscular in carnivores and horses than ruminants</p>
 
<p>The capsule and trabeculae are much more muscular in carnivores and horses than ruminants</p>
 
*Carnivores
 
*Carnivores
−
**Is elongated and dumb bell shaped (larger ventrally)
+
**Is elongated and dumb-bell shaped (larger ventrally)
 
*Ruminants
 
*Ruminants
 
**Is flat and oblong shaped
 
**Is flat and oblong shaped
 
*Horses
 
*Horses
−
**Lies under the last three ribs. Dorsally it is broad but narrows as it extends cranially and ventrally
+
**Lies under the last three [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|ribs]]. Dorsally it is broad but narrows as it extends cranially and ventrally
−
**On rectal palpation it is loacted against the body wall and feels smooth with a sharp border
+
**On rectal palpation it is located against the body wall and feels smooth with a sharp border
 
*Pigs
 
*Pigs
−
**Elongated and strap like under the last few ribs
+
**Elongated and strap-like under the last few [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|ribs]]
−
*Birds
+
*Birds ([[Media:Avian Liver and Spleen.jpg|Picture here]])
−
**Lies alongside, to the right, of the proventriculus and is found caudaodorsally to the liver
+
**Lies alongside, to the right, of the [[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] and is found caudodorsally to the [[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
 
**Spherical in chickens, triangular in ducks & oval in pigeons
 
**Spherical in chickens, triangular in ducks & oval in pigeons
  
Line 36: Line 78:
 
*Connect with the venous sinuses, or  
 
*Connect with the venous sinuses, or  
 
*Terminate with open ends in the splenic cords
 
*Terminate with open ends in the splenic cords
−
Blood released into the splenic cords, either from the sinuses or capillaries eventually filters back into the sinus network. The sinuses converge and empty into trabecular veins, which then merge into a single splenic vein which then empties into the portal vein.</p>
+
Blood released into the splenic cords, either from the sinuses or capillaries, eventually filters back into the sinus network. The sinuses converge and empty into trabecular veins, which then merge into a single splenic vein which then empties into the portal vein.</p>
−
<p>Lymphocytes in the arterial blood migrate from the red pulp sinuses, through the splenic cords and through the white pulp. T cells specifically migrate through the PALS and B cells specifically migrate through the follicles. Antigen in the blood is filtered by the large numbers of macrophages in the splenic cords and white pulp.</p>
+
<p>[[Lymphocytes - Introduction|Lymphocytes]] in the arterial blood migrate from the red pulp sinuses, through the splenic cords and through the white pulp. [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]] specifically migrate through the PALS and [[Lymphocytes#B cells|B cells]] specifically migrate through the follicles. Antigen in the blood is filtered by the large numbers of [[Macrophages|macrophages]] in the splenic cords and white pulp.</p>
 
====Species Differences====
 
====Species Differences====
 
<p>The splenic artery:
 
<p>The splenic artery:
Line 43: Line 85:
 
*Branches regularly as it passes through the spleen in horses and pigs
 
*Branches regularly as it passes through the spleen in horses and pigs
 
*Branches before it reaches the spleen in dogs and cats</p>
 
*Branches before it reaches the spleen in dogs and cats</p>
 +
 
===Innervation===
 
===Innervation===
−
Innervation is purely sympathetic[[LH References - Anatomy & Physiology#Nance|<sup>Ref:Nance</sup>]] and nerve fibres travel with the artery into the spleen.
+
Innervation is purely sympathetic<ref>{{citation|initiallast = Nance|initialfirst = D.M|finallast = Sanders|finalfirst = V.M|year = 2007|jtitle = Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007)|jor = Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|vol = 21(6)|range = 736-745}}</ref> and nerve fibres travel with the artery into the spleen.
−
===Lymphatics===
 
 
===Histology===
 
===Histology===
 +
<center><gallery>
 +
Image:LH_Spleen_Rat_Histology.jpg|<p>'''Low magnification view (rat)'''</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
 +
Image:LH_Spleen_Rat_Higher_Histology.jpg|<p>'''Red & white Pulp (rat) '''</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
 +
Image:LH_Spleen_Rat_Higher_2_Histology.jpg|<p>'''Central artery & PALS (rat) '''</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
 +
Image:LH_Spleen_Rat_Higher_3_Histology.jpg|<p>'''Trabecula and capsule (rat) '''</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
 +
Image:LH_Spleen_Rat_Higher_4_Histology.jpg|<p>'''Trabeculae & erythrocytes (rat)'''</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
 +
Image:LH_Spleen_Mouse_Higher_Histology.jpg|<p>'''Megakaryocyte & macrophages (mouse)'''</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup></gallery></center>
 +
 +
==Functions==
 +
<p>The spleen has a number of functions:
 +
*It filters the blood removing ageing [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]] and antigens
 +
*It stores [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]] and [[Thrombocytes|platelets]]
 +
*[[:Category:Secondary Lymphoid Tissue|Secondary lymphoid organ]]</p>
 +
===Erythrocytes & Platelets===
 +
<p>In the foetus the spleen also has a role in [[Haematopoiesis - Overview|haematopoiesis]] when it becomes the main [[Erythrocytes|erythrocyte]] producing organ during the haematopoietic transitional phase.</p>
 +
<p>In the developed animal the red pulp is involved in the removal of aged, damaged or abnormal [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]] (along with the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]). As [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]] age they become less supple and this causes them to become damaged when they pass through the very narrow capillaries of the spleen, after which they are phagocytised by splenic [[Macrophages|macrophages]]. If a splenectomy is performed the number of aged [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]] in circulation increases.</p>
 +
<p> The red pulp also acts as a storage site for [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]]. The degree of storage is variable between species but is particularly notable in horses which, during exercise under sympathetic activity, can contract their spleen to increase the concentration of circulating [[Erythrocytes|erythrocytes]]. In some species such as cats and rodents the red pulp acts as a storage site for [[Thrombocytes|platelets]] and contains [[Thrombopoiesis#Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]].</p>
 +
 +
===Lymphoid===
 +
<p>Blood flows through the marginal sinus. This means that most antigens present in the blood come into contact with the [[Lymphocytes#B cells|B lymphocytes]] and dendritic cells in the spleen. Dendritic cells in the marginal sinus and red pulp take up antigens from the blood and transport them to the primary follicles in the white pulp. If the antigen activates the [[Lymphocytes#B cells|B lymphocytes]] then a germinal centre will form in the primary follicle and this is called a splenic nodule. Antibody producing cells then migrate to the red pulp and marginal zone.</p>
 +
<p>Following splenectomy this doesn’t occur and animals are predisposed to septicaemia and infection with blood [[Protozoa|protozoa]].</p>
 +
 +
{{Template:Learning
 +
|videos = [[Video: Equine thoracic cavity dissection|Equine thoracic cavity dissection]]<br>[[Video: Feline Abdomen|Feline Abdomen]]<br>[[Video: Foal gastrointestinal tract potcast|Foal gastrointestinal tract potcast]]<br>[[Video: Ruminant abdomen potcast|Ruminant abdomen potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral view of the feline thorax and abdomen potcast|Video: Lateral view of the feline thorax and abdomen potcast]]<br>[[Video: Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection|Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection]]
 +
|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/spleen-histology-low-power Spleen Histology - Low Power 1]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/spleen-histology-low-power-0 Spleen Histology - Low Power 2]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/spleen-histology-high-power Spleen Histology - High Power]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/rodent-spleen-histology-0 Rodent Spleen Histology]
 +
}}
 +
 +
{{Chapter}}
 +
{{Mansonchapter
 +
|chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781893441958_sample.pdf
 +
|chaptername = Spleen histology
 +
|book = Quick Look Series - Histology
 +
|author = Jo Ann Eurell
 +
|isbn = 9781893441958
 +
}}
  
−
==Function==
 
 
==In pathology==
 
==In pathology==
−
[[Lymphoreticular/Haemotopoietic System - Spleen|See here]]
+
===Direct pathology===
 +
*Specific spleen pathology can be found [[Spleen - Pathology|here]]
 +
*[[Neoplasia - Pathology#Acute Undifferentiated Leukaemia|Acute undifferentiated leukaemia]] and [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Lymphoid Neoplasms|lymphoid neoplasms]]
 +
===Changed or affected by===
 +
*[[Post-Mortem Change - Pathology#Agonal Changes|Post mortem change]]
 +
*[[Haemangioendothelioma|Haemangioendotheliomas]], [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Pancreatic carcinoma|pancreatic carcinomas]] & [[Haemangiosarcoma|haemangiosarcomas]]
 +
*''[[Corynebacterium ovis]]'', [[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae#Swine erysipelas|swine erysipelas]], [[Francisella tularensis#Pathogenesis and pathogenicity|francisella tularensis]], [[Salmonella#Spleen|salmonella]], [[Salmonellosis|enteric salmonellosis]], [[:Category:Brucella species#Pathogenesis and pathogenicity|brucella]] & [[Yersinia#Clinical infections|yersinia]]
 +
*[[Poxviruses#Histopathology|Leporipoxviruses]] & [[Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus|bovine viral diarrhoea disease]]
 +
*[[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemosiderin|Haemolytic disorders]]
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
<references/>
 +
<br><br>
 +
{{Jim Bee 2007}}
 +
 
 +
==Webinars==
 +
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Spleen]]

Latest revision as of 14:15, 9 January 2023

LH Canine labelled lateral abdominal organs radiograph.jpg LH Canine labelled ventrodorsal abdominal organs radiograph.jpg
Location canine radiograph
Lateral view Ventrodorsal view
©Nottingham Uni 2008
LH Spleen Histology.jpg
Histological view
©Nottingham Uni 2008

Introduction

The spleen is a major lymphoid and blood filtration organ and is located in the left cranial abdomen. It is responsible for storing and removing erythrocytes from the blood as well as antigen surveillance of the blood and antibody production.

Development

The spleen develops in association with the digestive system in the dorsal mesogastrium, and as the stomach rotates during development the spleen comes to occupy the left cranial abdomen. Haematopoietic cells in the spleen are derived from the AGM (aorta-gonad-mesonephros) and yolk sac and as the primary lymphoid organs become established it becomes populated with T and B lymphocytes.

Structure

LH Spleen Equine Ultrasound.jpg LH Spleen Histology.jpg

Normal Ultrasound

(Equine) 		Histological section
©Nottingham Uni 2008

The spleen lies vertically on the left side of the cranial abdomen. It is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach by the gastrosplenic ligament. The spleen is enclosed in a capsule of fibrous and elastic tissue that extends into the parenchyma as trabeculae.

The parenchyma is supported by a fine mesh of reticular fibres and is divided into two types of tissue, the red and the white pulp, which are separated by the marginal sinus.

Red Pulp

The red pulp makes up the majority of the spleen and is composed of a network of cell cords in series with vascular sinuses. The splenic cords contain macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and other mature blood cells e.g. granulocytes and erythrocytes. While the vascular sinuses are wide vascular channels lined with endothelial cells. Blood cells and fluid can pass into the splenic cords through fenestrations in the sinus walls.

White Pulp

White pulp is organised in relation to the splenic arterioles and consists of discrete lymphoid tissue surrounding a central arteriole. There is a sheath of T cells directly around the arteriole, the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is surrounded by a marginal sinus, and then a zone of B cells and macrophages (the marginal zone). B cell follicles are associated with the marginal zone and expand and develop germinal centres after antigen activation. The marginal sinuses are linked to the red pulp sinuses.

White pulp stains basophilic in a H&E stain

Species Differences

LH Spleen Equine photo.jpg
LH Spleen Bovine photo.jpg
Equine Bovine
©Nottingham Uni 2008
LH Spleen Canine Photo.jpg
LH Spleen Ovine Photo.jpg
Canine Ovine
©RVC 2008

The capsule and trabeculae are much more muscular in carnivores and horses than ruminants

  • Carnivores
    • Is elongated and dumb-bell shaped (larger ventrally)
  • Ruminants
    • Is flat and oblong shaped
  • Horses
    • Lies under the last three ribs. Dorsally it is broad but narrows as it extends cranially and ventrally
    • On rectal palpation it is located against the body wall and feels smooth with a sharp border
  • Pigs
    • Elongated and strap-like under the last few ribs
  • Birds (Picture here)
    • Lies alongside, to the right, of the proventriculus and is found caudodorsally to the liver
    • Spherical in chickens, triangular in ducks & oval in pigeons

Vasculature

The splenic artery, a branch of the celiac artery, supplies the spleen. The artery branches into arterioles and capillaries, which may either:

  • Connect with the venous sinuses, or
  • Terminate with open ends in the splenic cords

Blood released into the splenic cords, either from the sinuses or capillaries, eventually filters back into the sinus network. The sinuses converge and empty into trabecular veins, which then merge into a single splenic vein which then empties into the portal vein.

Lymphocytes in the arterial blood migrate from the red pulp sinuses, through the splenic cords and through the white pulp. T cells specifically migrate through the PALS and B cells specifically migrate through the follicles. Antigen in the blood is filtered by the large numbers of macrophages in the splenic cords and white pulp.

Species Differences

The splenic artery:

  • Passes through the spleen without dividing in ruminants
  • Branches regularly as it passes through the spleen in horses and pigs
  • Branches before it reaches the spleen in dogs and cats

Innervation

Innervation is purely sympathetic[1] and nerve fibres travel with the artery into the spleen.

Histology

  • Low magnification view (rat)

    ©RVC 2008

  • Red & white Pulp (rat)

    ©RVC 2008

  • Central artery & PALS (rat)

    ©RVC 2008

  • Trabecula and capsule (rat)

    ©RVC 2008

  • Trabeculae & erythrocytes (rat)

    ©RVC 2008

  • Megakaryocyte & macrophages (mouse)

    ©RVC 2008

Functions

The spleen has a number of functions:

Erythrocytes & Platelets

In the foetus the spleen also has a role in haematopoiesis when it becomes the main erythrocyte producing organ during the haematopoietic transitional phase.

In the developed animal the red pulp is involved in the removal of aged, damaged or abnormal erythrocytes (along with the liver and bone marrow). As erythrocytes age they become less supple and this causes them to become damaged when they pass through the very narrow capillaries of the spleen, after which they are phagocytised by splenic macrophages. If a splenectomy is performed the number of aged erythrocytes in circulation increases.

The red pulp also acts as a storage site for erythrocytes. The degree of storage is variable between species but is particularly notable in horses which, during exercise under sympathetic activity, can contract their spleen to increase the concentration of circulating erythrocytes. In some species such as cats and rodents the red pulp acts as a storage site for platelets and contains megakaryocytes.

Lymphoid

Blood flows through the marginal sinus. This means that most antigens present in the blood come into contact with the B lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the spleen. Dendritic cells in the marginal sinus and red pulp take up antigens from the blood and transport them to the primary follicles in the white pulp. If the antigen activates the B lymphocytes then a germinal centre will form in the primary follicle and this is called a splenic nodule. Antibody producing cells then migrate to the red pulp and marginal zone.

Following splenectomy this doesn’t occur and animals are predisposed to septicaemia and infection with blood protozoa.


Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology Learning Resources
VideoWikiVideo.png
Videos
Selection of relevant videos 		Equine thoracic cavity dissection
Feline Abdomen
Foal gastrointestinal tract potcast
Ruminant abdomen potcast
Video: Lateral view of the feline thorax and abdomen potcast
Abdominal viscera of the horse dissection
OVAMOVAM-no text.png
OVAM
Anatomy Museum Resources 		Spleen Histology - Low Power 1
Spleen Histology - Low Power 2
Spleen Histology - High Power
Rodent Spleen Histology



Sample Book Chapters
Publisher
Free chapter
Book
Authors
CRC logo small.png
Spleen histology
Quick Look Series - Histology
Jo Ann Eurell
Buy book


In pathology

Direct pathology

Changed or affected by

References

  1. ↑ Nance, D.M. and Sanders, V.M. (2007) Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21(6): pp.736-745.



LIVE logo Originally funded by the RVC Jim Bee Award 2007

Webinars

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