Difference between revisions of "Enteritis, Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic"

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{{unfinished}}
 
 
{{dog}}
 
{{cat}}
 
 
 
 
 
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
 
+
*Often affects older animals but kittens of 16 weeks old and puppies of 20 weeks old have been reported.
 +
*Basenjis have been reported to suffer from a severe form known as immunoproliferative disease.
  
  
 
==Description==
 
==Description==
Is idiopathic, but appears to be immune mediated.Possibly food allergy.  Change of diet is a potential treatment.Disease is often due to something present in the diet for some time, rather than something suddenly introduced.  Hypersensitivity to inhaled or ingested environmental allergens is another possible cause.
+
'''Lymphocytic - plasmacytic enteritis (LPE)''' is the most common form of [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|Inflammatory Bowel Disease]] (IBD).  As its name suggests, the predominant cell type in the intestinal mucosa is [[Lymphocytes - Introduction|'''lymphocytes''']] and '''plasma cells'''. Enteric parasites, bacteria in dogs and [[Toxoplasma gondii|''Toxoplasma'']] in cats have been reported to associated with LPE. This disorder in cats have also been shown to associate with concurrent disease of the pancreas and liver such as [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]], [[Cholangitis|cholangitis]] and [[Hepatic Lipidosis|hepatic lipidosis]]LPE is believed to be caused by an abnormal [[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology|mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)]] response to luminal bacterial, dietary or self-antigens.
 
 
Lymphocytic - plasmacytic enteritis is seen most commonly in the '''dog'''. Is the most common inflammatory colonic disease of dogs. Sometimes seen in the cat and horseAffects the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]], sometimes quite extensively. Produces chronic diarrhoea with lymphocytic or plasma cell (rather than macrophage) infiltration of the lamina propria. Produces a severe [[Intestines Protein-Losing Diseases - Pathology#Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE)|protein losing enteropathy]]. Sometimes eosinophil infiltration is quite marked. Has a hereditary basis in the Basenji
 
  
 +
The [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestines]] are affected to a variable degree of severity.  It has also been known to affect other parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the [[:Category:Stomach and Abomasum - Pathology|stomach]] and the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].  In severely affected animals, this will result in a protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).
  
 
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
 
===Clinical Signs===
 
===Clinical Signs===
 +
Most common:
 +
*small intestinal diarrhoea
 +
*weight loss
 +
*protein - losing enteropathy in severe cases
 +
*chronic vomiting (more common presentation in cats compared to the other signs)
 +
*thickened small intestinal loops and mesenteric lymphadenopathy may be detected on physical examination in cats
  
 
+
Others:
 +
*appetite changes
 +
*excessive borborygmi
 +
*abdominal discomfort
 +
*ascites or subcutaneous oedema if severe PLE resulting in hypoproteinaemia
 +
*concurrent systemic immune-mediated response and [[Thromboembolism|thromboembolism]] (rare)
  
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
====Haematology====
 
====Haematology====
 
+
*Panhypoproteinaemia (non-specific)
  
 
====Biochemistry====
 
====Biochemistry====
 
+
*Leucocytosis (non-specific)
  
 
====Other Tests====
 
====Other Tests====
 +
*Serum trypsin-like immunoassay (TLI) to rule out [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency|exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)]].
 +
*Faecal analysis to rule out endoparasite and pathogenic bacteria.
  
 +
===Diagnostic Imaging===
 +
*Abdominal radiography is unremarkable, but it can be used to eliminate other differential diagnosis.
 +
*Abdominal ultrasonography may reveal thickened intestinal walls, mesenteric lymphadenopathy or abdominal effusion.
  
===Diagnostic Imaging===
+
===Histopathology===
 +
Intestinal biopsy is needed for a definitive diagnosis once all the other differential diagnoses have been eliminated.
  
 +
Refer to [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease#Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis|Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis]] for pathology.
  
  
 
==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
 
+
Refer to [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease#Treatment|IBD]]
 
 
  
 
==Prognosis==
 
==Prognosis==
 
+
Refer to [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease#Prognosis|IBD]]
  
  
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*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
 
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
 
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 +
 +
==Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis==
 +
 +
====Pathology====
 +
 +
* Hypersensitivity reaction results in increased GIT permeablility and recruitment of inflammatory cells.
 +
* Histologically:
 +
** Mucosal epithelial-glandular alterations.
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** Variably increased mucosal infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
 +
*** In these dogs there is an increase in the number of [[IgA]] and [[IgG]] containing cells and CD3+ T-cells.
 +
**** Can develop into lymphoma.
 +
*** Changes in the relative and absolute numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes have been  associated with IBD in humans.
 +
 +
{{unfinished}}
 +
 +
[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Alimentary]][[Category:To Do - Medium]]

Latest revision as of 14:00, 24 May 2011

Signalment

  • Often affects older animals but kittens of 16 weeks old and puppies of 20 weeks old have been reported.
  • Basenjis have been reported to suffer from a severe form known as immunoproliferative disease.


Description

Lymphocytic - plasmacytic enteritis (LPE) is the most common form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). As its name suggests, the predominant cell type in the intestinal mucosa is lymphocytes and plasma cells. Enteric parasites, bacteria in dogs and Toxoplasma in cats have been reported to associated with LPE. This disorder in cats have also been shown to associate with concurrent disease of the pancreas and liver such as pancreatitis, cholangitis and hepatic lipidosis. LPE is believed to be caused by an abnormal mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) response to luminal bacterial, dietary or self-antigens.

The small intestines are affected to a variable degree of severity. It has also been known to affect other parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the stomach and the colon. In severely affected animals, this will result in a protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

Most common:

  • small intestinal diarrhoea
  • weight loss
  • protein - losing enteropathy in severe cases
  • chronic vomiting (more common presentation in cats compared to the other signs)
  • thickened small intestinal loops and mesenteric lymphadenopathy may be detected on physical examination in cats

Others:

  • appetite changes
  • excessive borborygmi
  • abdominal discomfort
  • ascites or subcutaneous oedema if severe PLE resulting in hypoproteinaemia
  • concurrent systemic immune-mediated response and thromboembolism (rare)

Laboratory Tests

Haematology

  • Panhypoproteinaemia (non-specific)

Biochemistry

  • Leucocytosis (non-specific)

Other Tests

Diagnostic Imaging

  • Abdominal radiography is unremarkable, but it can be used to eliminate other differential diagnosis.
  • Abdominal ultrasonography may reveal thickened intestinal walls, mesenteric lymphadenopathy or abdominal effusion.

Histopathology

Intestinal biopsy is needed for a definitive diagnosis once all the other differential diagnoses have been eliminated.

Refer to Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis for pathology.


Treatment

Refer to IBD

Prognosis

Refer to IBD


References

  • Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company.
  • Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition) BSAVA
  • Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier.

Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis

Pathology

  • Hypersensitivity reaction results in increased GIT permeablility and recruitment of inflammatory cells.
  • Histologically:
    • Mucosal epithelial-glandular alterations.
    • Variably increased mucosal infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
      • In these dogs there is an increase in the number of IgA and IgG containing cells and CD3+ T-cells.
        • Can develop into lymphoma.
      • Changes in the relative and absolute numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes have been associated with IBD in humans.