Difference between revisions of "Peritonitis"

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*Strongyle migration in horses
 
*Strongyle migration in horses
 
*[[Trematodes|Fasciola hepatica]] - lesions around [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
 
*[[Trematodes|Fasciola hepatica]] - lesions around [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
*See [[Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic - Pathology|Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic]]
+
*See [[Peritoneal Cavity - Parasitic Pathology|Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic]]
  
 
===Sequelae to peritonitis===
 
===Sequelae to peritonitis===
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*In foals purulent peritonitis may be caused by [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] or fibrinous peritonitis by ''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]''
 
*In foals purulent peritonitis may be caused by [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] or fibrinous peritonitis by ''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]''
 
*Haemorrhage as a consequence of castration may result in acute non-septic
 
*Haemorrhage as a consequence of castration may result in acute non-septic
*Secondary to [[Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic - Pathology|verminous lesions]]
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*Secondary to [[Peritoneal Cavity - Parasitic Pathology|verminous lesions]]
  
  

Revision as of 15:10, 10 June 2010

Classification

Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis from Cornell Veterinary Medicine


  • Usually secondary to other abdominal pathology but may be primary
  • Localised or diffuse
  • Acute (increased fluid in abdominal cavity and roughening of serosal surface of abdominal organs and parietal peritoneum) or chronic (fibrous adhesions involving any of abdominal organs and omentum/mesentery/peritoneum)
  • Septic or non-septic
  • Types of exudate

Causes of peritonitis

Chemical

Image of bile stained peritonitis in a cat from Cornell Veterinary Medicine

e.g.:

  • Bile
  • Urine
  • Pancreatic enzymes (acute pancreatic necrosis)
  • Barium if allowed to leak into peritoneal cavity (causes potentially fatal haemorrhagic peritonitis)
  • Surgical glove powder (granulomatous peritonitis)
  • Chyle (mild granulomatous serositis)

Bacterial

Tuberculous peritonitis with phagocytosis of lymphocytes (Sourced from Bristol Biomed with permission)

e.g.:

  • Penetrating wound
  • Gut rupture
  • Surgery
  • Inflammatory focus e.g. abscess, bacteraemia
  • Umbilicus
  • Gangrenous intestine or uterus prior to rupture



Viral

Image of FIP by Cornell Veterinary Medicine

e.g.



Parasites

e.g.

Sequelae to peritonitis

  • Hypermotility initially → hypomotility
    • Ileus - reduces distribution of exudates by intestinal motility
    • Fibrinous adhesions may develop
  • Impaired CV function and acid-base imbalance
    • Due to sequestration of fluid and protein in exudate, hypomotile gut, bacterial exo/endotoxins absorbed directly from peritoneal cavity and causing vascular permeability, loss of intestinal absorption
  • May resolve, become chronic-active or lead to adhesions.


In dogs

  • Fibrinohaemorrhagic peritonitis in infectious canine hepatitis
  • Septic peritonitis caused by various agents, often Escherichia coli and anaerobic bacteria through perforation of the gut, rupture of urinary bladder or an abscess
  • Putrid peritonitis in uterine rupture with pyometra or septic metritis
  • Nocardia infection reults in profuse pink/red fluid due to blood and chronic inflammatory cells
  • Granulomatous peritonitis caused by fungi, Nocardia and Actinomyces

In cats

  • Putrid peritonitis in uterine rupture due to pyometra or fetal putrefaction
  • Peritonitis due to penetrating wounds
  • Septic peritonitis due to anaerobes in cat bite abscesses
  • Serous peritonitis in cats with feline infectious peritonitis especially in the wet form but exudate occurs also in the dry form
    • Viscous, clear, pale to deep yellow fluid, may contain strands of fibrin




In horses

Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis in a horse from Cornell Veterinary Medicine

  • Diffuse acute peritonitis often fatal
  • Mostly caused by rupture of stomach or intestine
  • In foals purulent peritonitis may be caused by Rhodococcus equi or fibrinous peritonitis by Actinobacillus equuli
  • Haemorrhage as a consequence of castration may result in acute non-septic
  • Secondary to verminous lesions




In cattle

  • Perforation of an abdominal organ, usually reticulum or [[uterus, results in acute diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis or local acute and chronic, with adhesions
  • Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) may evolve into reticulopericarditis
  • Local chronic peritonitis, abscesses containing usually Actinomyces pyogenes
  • Fibrinopurulent peritonitis through umbilical infection in calves
  • Fibrinous peritonitis in calves with septicaemic colibacillosis
  • Serofibrinous peritonitis in sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
  • Diffuse fibrinohaemorrhagic peritonitis in clostridial haemoglobinuria
  • Localised peritonitis in clostridial enterotoxaemia (Clostridium perfringens types B and C and braxy)


In sheep

  • Fibrinopurulent peritonitis in postpartum septic metritis
  • Serofibrinous peritonitis in diseases caused by Mycoplasma
  • In penetration of intestines by larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum

In goats


In pigs