Difference between revisions of "Duck Hepatitis Virus"

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{{OpenPagesTop}}
 
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{{Podcasts
 
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|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/duck-hepatitis-virus}}
 
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
|name              = DHV-II
 
|name              = DHV-II
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Also Known As: '''''Duck Viral Hepatitis''''' — '''''DVH''''' — '''''DH'''''
 
Also Known As: '''''Duck Viral Hepatitis''''' — '''''DVH''''' — '''''DH'''''
  
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Caused By: '''''Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3'' — ''DHV-1'' — ''DHV-3''
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Caused By: '''''Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3'' — ''DHV-I'' — ''DHV-III''
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
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Duck hepatitis is caused by the [[:Category:Enteroviruses|'''enteroviruses''']] DHV-1 and DHV-3.  
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Duck hepatitis is caused by the [[:Category:Enteroviruses|'''enteroviruses''']] DHV-I and DHV-III.  
  
 
It is a '''highly fatal''' disease of ducklings causing very high '''mortality''', '''opisthotonus''' and '''hepatitis'''.
 
It is a '''highly fatal''' disease of ducklings causing very high '''mortality''', '''opisthotonus''' and '''hepatitis'''.
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The disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
  
 
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
 
Ducks are the only species naturally affected.  
 
Ducks are the only species naturally affected.  
  
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DHV-1 occurs only in '''young ducklings''', usually '''<6 weeks''' of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the '''most virulent''' of the three.
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DHV-I occurs only in '''young ducklings''', usually '''<6 weeks''' of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the '''most virulent''' of the three.
  
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DHV-2, an astrovirus (duck astrovirus 1), not an enterovirus, has only been reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.  
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DHV-II is only reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.  
  
 
Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.
 
Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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DHV-1 is present worldwide.
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DHV-I is present worldwide.
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DHV-II has only been reported in Norfolk, England <ref> Asplin, F. D. (1965) '''Duck hepatitis: vaccination against two serological types. '''''Vet. Rec.'', 77:1529-1530</ref> and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.  
  
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DHV-2 has only been reported in Norfolk, England and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.  
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DHV-III has only occurred in the USA.
  
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DHV-3 has only been reported in the USA.
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The '''rat''' acts as a vector for Duck Hepatitis.
  
 
==Clinical Signs==
 
==Clinical Signs==
 
'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
 
'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
  
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DHV-1 infection is most virulent. Morbidity is 100%, with mortality <95% up to one week of age, <50% for 1-3 weeks of age and negligible thereafter. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.
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DHV-I infection is most virulent. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.
  
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Mortality rates are lower in DHV-2 infections, reaching only 20%.
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Mortality rates are lower in DHV-II infections, reaching only 20%.
  
 
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
 
On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.  
 
On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.  
  
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Splenic and [[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidney]] swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.
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Splenic and [[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian||kidney]] swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.
  
 
On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.  
 
On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.  
  
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'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs using embryonated duck eggs, chicken eggs and tissue culture.
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'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs.
  
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'''Direct [[immunofluorescence]]''' can also confirm presence of DHV-1.
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'''Direct [[immunofluorescence]]''' can also confirm presence of DHV-I.
  
 
'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
 
'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
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==Control==
 
==Control==
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'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-1'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
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'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-I'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, live attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
  
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DHV-1 can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.  
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DHV-I can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.  
  
 
The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
 
The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
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==References==
 
==References==
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Gough R.E. and McNulty, M.S. (2007) '''Picornaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 350-359
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<references/>
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Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck Hepatitis Virus datasheet''', accessed 05/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
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Woolcock, P.R. (2008) '''Duck Hepatitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 373-384
 
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{{CABI source
 
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=84184&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160  duck hepatitis], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84185 duck hepatitis virus] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84186  duck hepatitis virus type II]
 
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|date =5 June 2011
 
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}}
 
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<br><br>
 
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{{Dave Cavanagh
 
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|date = 23 August 2011
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
  
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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{{review}}
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
 
[[Category:Enteroviruses]]
 
[[Category:Enteroviruses]]
 
[[Category:Astroviridae]]
 
[[Category:Astroviridae]]

Revision as of 22:52, 27 June 2011

DHV-II
Order RNA viruses
Family Astroviridae
Genus Astrovirus
Species DHV-II
DHV-1 and DHV-III
Order RNA Viruses
Family Picornaviridae
Genus Enterovirus
Species Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III

Also Known As: Duck Viral Hepatitis — DVH — DH

Caused By: Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3 — DHV-I — DHV-III

Introduction

Duck hepatitis is caused by the enteroviruses DHV-I and DHV-III.

It is a highly fatal disease of ducklings causing very high mortality, opisthotonus and hepatitis.

The disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Signalment

Ducks are the only species naturally affected.

DHV-I occurs only in young ducklings, usually <6 weeks of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the most virulent of the three.

DHV-II is only reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.

Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.

Distribution

DHV-I is present worldwide.

DHV-II has only been reported in Norfolk, England [1] and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.

DHV-III has only occurred in the USA.

The rat acts as a vector for Duck Hepatitis.

Clinical Signs

Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis, Paralysis, Enopthalmos.

DHV-I infection is most virulent. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.

Mortality rates are lower in DHV-II infections, reaching only 20%.

Diagnosis

On post-mortem examination, the liver is enlarged, appears greenish and displays distinct ecchymotic haemorrhages.

Splenic and |kidney swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.

On histopathology, necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.

Innoculation from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs.

Direct immunofluorescence can also confirm presence of DHV-I.

Virus Neutralisation (VN) serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.

Treatment

No treatment is effective once infected.

Control

Vaccination is only commercially available against DHV-I. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, live attenuated and inactivated forms are available.

DHV-I can be prevented by strict isolation in the first 4-5 weeks of life.

The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.

Duck Hepatitis is a Class B disease listed by the Office des International Epizooties and thus any ducks exported require an international veterinary certificate that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.



Duck Hepatitis Virus Learning Resources
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References

  1. ↑ Asplin, F. D. (1965) Duck hepatitis: vaccination against two serological types. Vet. Rec., 77:1529-1530

Animal Health & Production Compendium, Duck Hepatitis Virus datasheet, accessed 05/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/


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