Difference between revisions of "Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards"
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− | + | |backcolour =BCED91 | |
− | + | |linkpage =Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology | |
− | + | |linktext =Alimentary System | |
− | + | |maplink = Alimentary (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology | |
− | + | |pagetype =Anatomy | |
− | + | |sublink1=Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards | |
− | + | |subtext1=ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS | |
− | + | |sublink2=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology | |
− | + | |subtext2=PANCREAS | |
− | + | }} | |
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− | + | {| border="3" cellpadding="8" | |
− | [[ | + | !width="400"|'''Question''' |
− | [[ | + | !width="400"|'''Answer''' |
− | [[ | + | !width="150"|'''Article''' |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Tubuloalveolar''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Ventral''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Bicarbonate and chloride''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Increases it''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Catabolic''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Liver''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Pyruvate kinase''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Phosphorylation via PKA''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Increases it in all cells''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''IDDM and NIDDM''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Pancreatoduodenal''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''δ cells''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Mesoduodenum''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Accessory''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''One, the pancreatic duct''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Ruminants''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?''' | ||
+ | ||<font color="white"> <big> | ||
+ | *'''''Triangular''''' | ||
+ | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | ||
+ | |} |
Revision as of 22:02, 2 September 2008
|
Question | Answer | Article |
---|---|---|
What type of gland is the pancreas? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What is the function of somatostatin? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What effect does glucagon have on body reserves? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What is the main target tissue of glucagon? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
How does glucagon inactivate this enyme? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
How may ketosis occur during fasting? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Describe the structure of insulin. |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released. |
|
Link to Answer Article |
How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What are the two types of diabetes in cats? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas. |
|
Link to Answer Article |
What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice? |
|
Link to Answer Article |
Which shape is the horse's pancreas? |
|
Link to Answer Article |