Difference between revisions of "WikiWords"
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*'''Acantholysis''' - loss of cohesion between cells of living epidermis, especially stratum spinosum | *'''Acantholysis''' - loss of cohesion between cells of living epidermis, especially stratum spinosum | ||
*'''Acanthosis''' - hyperplasia of stratum spinosum | *'''Acanthosis''' - hyperplasia of stratum spinosum | ||
*'''Acariasis''' - infection with any mite (also known as '''mange''') | *'''Acariasis''' - infection with any mite (also known as '''mange''') | ||
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*'''Adnexa''' - cutaneous appendages - hair, claws, glands | *'''Adnexa''' - cutaneous appendages - hair, claws, glands | ||
*'''Adult''' - Stage in the life cycle which involves sexual multiplication | *'''Adult''' - Stage in the life cycle which involves sexual multiplication | ||
| − | + | *'''Alopecia''' - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present | |
| − | + | *'''Anagen''' - growth phase of hair cycle | |
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| − | *'''Alopecia''' - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present | ||
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| − | *'''Anagen''' - growth phase of hair cycle | ||
*[[Aldosterone| '''Aldosterone''']] - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct | *[[Aldosterone| '''Aldosterone''']] - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct | ||
*[[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology #Posterior Pituitary Gland | '''ADH - Anti diuretic hormone''']] - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. | *[[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology #Posterior Pituitary Gland | '''ADH - Anti diuretic hormone''']] - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. | ||
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*'''Astrocytosis''' - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia) | *'''Astrocytosis''' - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia) | ||
*'''Astrogliosis (or gliosis)''' - Increased numbers of glial fibers | *'''Astrogliosis (or gliosis)''' - Increased numbers of glial fibers | ||
| − | *[[Atrial Natriuretic Peptide|'''Atrial Natriuretic Peptide''']] - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high. It affects the renal handling of sodium and water. | + | *[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Atrial Natriuretic Peptide|'''Atrial Natriuretic Peptide''']] - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high. It affects the renal handling of sodium and water. |
*'''Autoinfection''' - establishment of the products of sexual reproduction in the individual animal they were formed | *'''Autoinfection''' - establishment of the products of sexual reproduction in the individual animal they were formed | ||
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*'''Bionomics''' - influence of the environment on the development of the free-living life-cycle stages | *'''Bionomics''' - influence of the environment on the development of the free-living life-cycle stages | ||
*'''Biotic Potential''' - ability of an organism to increase in numbers | *'''Biotic Potential''' - ability of an organism to increase in numbers | ||
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===C=== | ===C=== | ||
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*'''Comedo''' - plugged and dilated hair follicle | *'''Comedo''' - plugged and dilated hair follicle | ||
*'''Commensalism''' - two species living together, but with no metabolic dependence | *'''Commensalism''' - two species living together, but with no metabolic dependence | ||
*'''Crust''' - accumulation of solid exudate on skin surface, serocellular or haemorrhagic | *'''Crust''' - accumulation of solid exudate on skin surface, serocellular or haemorrhagic | ||
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===D=== | ===D=== | ||
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*'''Definitive host''' - host in which sexual multiplication of the parasite takes place | *'''Definitive host''' - host in which sexual multiplication of the parasite takes place | ||
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*'''Diapause''' - phase of dormancy, most often seen in insects | *'''Diapause''' - phase of dormancy, most often seen in insects | ||
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*'''Direct life-cycle''' - no intermediate host | *'''Direct life-cycle''' - no intermediate host | ||
*'''Diuresis''' - An increased production of Urine | *'''Diuresis''' - An increased production of Urine | ||
| − | *[[Diuretics | + | *[[The Effects of Diuretics on the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Diuretic''']] - A drug which acts on the tubule to reduce the reabsorption of water and thus increases urine volume |
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===E=== | ===E=== | ||
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*'''Erosion''' - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring | *'''Erosion''' - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring | ||
*'''Erythema''' - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries | *'''Erythema''' - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries | ||
| − | *[[Erythropoiesis#Regulation|'''Erythropoietin''']] - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] to stimulate [[Erythrocytes|erythrocyte]] (red blood cell) production. | + | *[[Erythropoiesis - WikiBlood#Regulation|'''Erythropoietin''']] - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] to stimulate [[Erythrocytes - WikiBlood|erythrocyte]] (red blood cell) production. |
| − | *[[Fluid Movement - Physiology#Extracellular Fluid|'''Extracellular Fluid (ECF)''']] - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph | + | *[[Introduction to Fluid Movement - Physiology#Extracellular Fluid|'''Extracellular Fluid (ECF)''']] - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph |
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*'''Facultatively parasitic''' - Can be parasitic, but not essential for life cycle completion | *'''Facultatively parasitic''' - Can be parasitic, but not essential for life cycle completion | ||
*'''Formulation''' - process by which the physical and/or biologican characteristics of a pharmaceutical substance are modified by combining it with other substances | *'''Formulation''' - process by which the physical and/or biologican characteristics of a pharmaceutical substance are modified by combining it with other substances | ||
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*'''Furunculosis''' - rupture of hair follicles with severe inflammation | *'''Furunculosis''' - rupture of hair follicles with severe inflammation | ||
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===G=== | ===G=== | ||
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*'''Gemistocytic astrocytosis''' - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate | *'''Gemistocytic astrocytosis''' - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate | ||
*'''Generation Time''' - time taken for one generation to complete its life cycle | *'''Generation Time''' - time taken for one generation to complete its life cycle | ||
| − | *[[Glomerular Apparatus | + | *[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Function of the Renal Corpuscle|'''Glomerular Filtration Barrier''']] - This structure is responsible for the selective filtration of the blood in the glomerulus. It is made up of three layers. |
| − | *[[Glomerular Apparatus | + | *[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|'''Glomerular Filtration Rate''']] - The volume of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the bowmans capsule every minute. |
| − | *[[Glomerular Apparatus | + | *[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology|'''Glomerulus''']] - A mass of anastomsing capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule. The function of the glomerulus is to filter components of the blood before they pass to the tubules. The filtrate that is formed consists of water and low molecular weight constituents. The afferent arteriole supplies the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole drains it. |
*'''Growth factors''' - Various chemicals particularly polypeptides, that have a variety of important roles in the stimulation of new cell growth and cell maintenance | *'''Growth factors''' - Various chemicals particularly polypeptides, that have a variety of important roles in the stimulation of new cell growth and cell maintenance | ||
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*'''Horizontal Tranmission''' - transmission of parasite through a population | *'''Horizontal Tranmission''' - transmission of parasite through a population | ||
*'''Hyperkeratosis''' - increased thickness of stratum spinosum | *'''Hyperkeratosis''' - increased thickness of stratum spinosum | ||
*'''Hypobiosis''' - development of the parasite within the host caeses at a particular stage in the life cycle when conditions outside the host are unfavourable. Arrested or inhibited development are other common terms. | *'''Hypobiosis''' - development of the parasite within the host caeses at a particular stage in the life cycle when conditions outside the host are unfavourable. Arrested or inhibited development are other common terms. | ||
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===I=== | ===I=== | ||
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*'''Indirect life-cycle''' - intermediate host is involved in the life-cycle | *'''Indirect life-cycle''' - intermediate host is involved in the life-cycle | ||
*'''Intermediate host''' - a host (other than the final host) in which development of the parasite occurs (usually an essential part of the life cycle) | *'''Intermediate host''' - a host (other than the final host) in which development of the parasite occurs (usually an essential part of the life cycle) | ||
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| − | *[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|'''Macula Densa''']] - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via tubuloglomerular feedback | + | *[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|'''Macula Densa''']] - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via [[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)|tubuloglomerular feedback]] |
*'''Macule''' - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter | *'''Macule''' - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter | ||
*'''Malacia''' - Necrosis | *'''Malacia''' - Necrosis | ||
*'''Medullary Ray''' - Middle part of a renal lobule. Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct. They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located. | *'''Medullary Ray''' - Middle part of a renal lobule. Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct. They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located. | ||
| − | *[[Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Micturition''']] - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine | + | *[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Micturition''']] - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine |
*'''Meningitis''' - Inflammation of the Meninges | *'''Meningitis''' - Inflammation of the Meninges | ||
*'''Meningo''' - Of the Meninges | *'''Meningo''' - Of the Meninges | ||
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===N=== | ===N=== | ||
*'''Natriuresis''' - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine | *'''Natriuresis''' - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine | ||
| − | *[[ | + | *[[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Nephron''']] - The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscule and renal tubule. |
*'''Nodule''' - Large, cicumscibed solid elevation usually extending into deeper layers | *'''Nodule''' - Large, cicumscibed solid elevation usually extending into deeper layers | ||
*'''Nymph''' - immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically similar to the adult | *'''Nymph''' - immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically similar to the adult | ||
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===O=== | ===O=== | ||
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*'''Obligatory parasite''' - Parasitic for part of its life cycle | *'''Obligatory parasite''' - Parasitic for part of its life cycle | ||
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*'''Osmolality''' - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent | *'''Osmolality''' - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent | ||
| − | *[[Fluid Movement - Physiology#Osmolarity|'''Osmolarity''']] - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions | + | *[[Introduction to Fluid Movement - Physiology#Osmolarity|'''Osmolarity''']] - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions |
*'''Osmole''' - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which | *'''Osmole''' - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which | ||
*[[Osmosis and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Osmosis''']] - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane | *[[Osmosis and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''Osmosis''']] - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane | ||
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*'''Pachymeninges''' - Dura mater | *'''Pachymeninges''' - Dura mater | ||
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*'''Papule''' - solid elevation of skin, <1cm in diameter | *'''Papule''' - solid elevation of skin, <1cm in diameter | ||
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*'''Parakeratosis''' - abnormal cornification, keratinocytes retain their nuclei | *'''Parakeratosis''' - abnormal cornification, keratinocytes retain their nuclei | ||
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*'''Parasitaemia''' - presence of parasites circulating in the blood | *'''Parasitaemia''' - presence of parasites circulating in the blood | ||
*'''Parasitism''' - two species living together, one at the expense of the other | *'''Parasitism''' - two species living together, one at the expense of the other | ||
*'''Paratenic host''' - parasite enters host tissue but no development or growth takes place | *'''Paratenic host''' - parasite enters host tissue but no development or growth takes place | ||
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*'''Paronychia''' - inflammation of tissue fold around nail bed | *'''Paronychia''' - inflammation of tissue fold around nail bed | ||
*'''Parthenogenesis''' - asexual reproduction where eggs produced by the female develop without fertilisation from the male | *'''Parthenogenesis''' - asexual reproduction where eggs produced by the female develop without fertilisation from the male | ||
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*'''Patch''' - macule > 1cm in diameter | *'''Patch''' - macule > 1cm in diameter | ||
*'''Pathogenicity''' - damage that may be inflicted by the infectious agent | *'''Pathogenicity''' - damage that may be inflicted by the infectious agent | ||
*'''Pediculosis''' - Infestation with lice | *'''Pediculosis''' - Infestation with lice | ||
*'''Plaque''' - flet topped swelling > 1cm in diameter | *'''Plaque''' - flet topped swelling > 1cm in diameter | ||
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*'''Polio-''' - Of the grey matter | *'''Polio-''' - Of the grey matter | ||
*'''Polioencephalomalacia''' - Necrosis of the gray matter in the brain | *'''Polioencephalomalacia''' - Necrosis of the gray matter in the brain | ||
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*'''Predilection site''' - parasites establish at a particular anatomical site ot in a particular tissue | *'''Predilection site''' - parasites establish at a particular anatomical site ot in a particular tissue | ||
*'''Prepatent period''' - time from infection of the host to the appearance of eggs or larvae in faeces, blood or urine | *'''Prepatent period''' - time from infection of the host to the appearance of eggs or larvae in faeces, blood or urine | ||
| − | *[[Kidney | + | *[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Pressure Diuresis|'''Pressure Diuresis''']] - Increasing blood pressure increases urinary output |
| − | *[[Kidney | + | *[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Pressure Natriuresis|'''Pressure Natriuresis''']] - When blood pressure is increased sodium reabsorption decreases. This helps to restore blood pressure back to normal |
*'''Pruritis''' - intense and persistent itching | *'''Pruritis''' - intense and persistent itching | ||
*'''Pustule''' - small circumscribed elevation containing pus | *'''Pustule''' - small circumscribed elevation containing pus | ||
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*'''Refugia''' - sites where parasites escape exposure to anitparasitic drugs that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of that species | *'''Refugia''' - sites where parasites escape exposure to anitparasitic drugs that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of that species | ||
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*'''Renal Clearance''' - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood. | *'''Renal Clearance''' - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood. | ||
| − | *[[Glomerular Apparatus | + | *[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology|'''Renal Corpuscule''']] - Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, a single layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) resting on a basement membrane. |
| − | *[[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobe''']] - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it. A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these | + | *[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobe''']] - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it. A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these |
| − | *[[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobule''']] - Groups of these make up a renal lobe. It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct | + | *[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Lobule''']] - Groups of these make up a renal lobe. It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct |
| − | *[[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Pyramid''']] - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base. | + | *[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|'''Renal Pyramid''']] - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base. |
*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose#Filtration and Reabsorption|'''Renal Threshold''']] - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine | *[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose#Filtration and Reabsorption|'''Renal Threshold''']] - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine | ||
| − | *[[ | + | *[[The Endocrine Function of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Renin|'''Renin''']] - A proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the kidney that plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. |
*'''Reservoir host''' - infected definitive host which can act as a source of infection for other animals | *'''Reservoir host''' - infected definitive host which can act as a source of infection for other animals | ||
*'''Resilience''' - ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection | *'''Resilience''' - ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection | ||
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*[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Salt Hunger|'''Salt Hunger''']] - Animals especially herbivores crave salt when they are sodium deficient | *[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Salt Hunger|'''Salt Hunger''']] - Animals especially herbivores crave salt when they are sodium deficient | ||
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*'''Sarcolemma''' - cell membrane of the muscle fiber, containing a plasma membrane and an outer coat of polysaccharide conaining collagen fibrils; fuses with tendon fiber at the end of the muscle fiber | *'''Sarcolemma''' - cell membrane of the muscle fiber, containing a plasma membrane and an outer coat of polysaccharide conaining collagen fibrils; fuses with tendon fiber at the end of the muscle fiber | ||
*'''Sarcomere''' the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs | *'''Sarcomere''' the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs | ||
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*'''Scale''' - fragments of stratum corneum | *'''Scale''' - fragments of stratum corneum | ||
*'''Scar''' - fibrous tissue area that replaced damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue | *'''Scar''' - fibrous tissue area that replaced damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue | ||
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*'''Sodium/Potassium ATPase''' - A common ATPase antiporter in the basolateral membrane of the cells of the nephron which removes sodium from within the cell in exchange for potassium. | *'''Sodium/Potassium ATPase''' - A common ATPase antiporter in the basolateral membrane of the cells of the nephron which removes sodium from within the cell in exchange for potassium. | ||
*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|'''Splay''']] - Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily. | *[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|'''Splay''']] - Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily. | ||
*'''Symbiosis''' - two species living together, each dependent on the other | *'''Symbiosis''' - two species living together, each dependent on the other | ||
*[[Transport Proteins - Physiology#Co-Transporters|'''Symporter''']] - A member of the family of transport proteins called ATPases. This protein is responsible for the transport of at least two molecules in the same direction | *[[Transport Proteins - Physiology#Co-Transporters|'''Symporter''']] - A member of the family of transport proteins called ATPases. This protein is responsible for the transport of at least two molecules in the same direction | ||
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*'''Telencephalon''' - Cerebral hemispheres | *'''Telencephalon''' - Cerebral hemispheres | ||
*'''Telogen''' - resting phase of hair cycle | *'''Telogen''' - resting phase of hair cycle | ||
*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|'''T-Max - Renal''']] - Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly. | *[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|'''T-Max - Renal''']] - Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly. | ||
*'''Temporary parasite''' - only visits the animal to feed | *'''Temporary parasite''' - only visits the animal to feed | ||
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*'''Transport host''' - loose association in which the parasite is carried by the host | *'''Transport host''' - loose association in which the parasite is carried by the host | ||
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*'''Tubule - renal''' - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts. The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate. The tubule consists of 4 main areas: the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology| Proximal Tubule]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology| Loop Of Henle]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule| Distal Tubule]] and the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology| Collecting Duct]]. | *'''Tubule - renal''' - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts. The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate. The tubule consists of 4 main areas: the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology| Proximal Tubule]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology| Loop Of Henle]], the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule| Distal Tubule]] and the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology| Collecting Duct]]. | ||
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===U=== | ===U=== | ||
*'''Ulcer''' - break in epidermis with exposed underlying dermis | *'''Ulcer''' - break in epidermis with exposed underlying dermis | ||
*'''Urticaria''' - vascular reaction in dermis, consists of transient wheals | *'''Urticaria''' - vascular reaction in dermis, consists of transient wheals | ||
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*[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasa Recta Physiology|'''Vasa Recta''']] - The blood vessels supplying the loop of henle | *[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasa Recta Physiology|'''Vasa Recta''']] - The blood vessels supplying the loop of henle | ||
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*'''Vector''' - imprecise term that refers mostly to invertebrates that spread pathogenic organisms | *'''Vector''' - imprecise term that refers mostly to invertebrates that spread pathogenic organisms | ||
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*'''Verticle Tranmsission''' - direct transfer of the parasite from one host generation to the next | *'''Verticle Tranmsission''' - direct transfer of the parasite from one host generation to the next | ||
*'''Vesicle''' - blister <1cm in diameter | *'''Vesicle''' - blister <1cm in diameter | ||
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===W=== | ===W=== | ||
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===Z=== | ===Z=== | ||
*'''Z disc''' passes in the transverse plane across the myofibril to attach successive myofibrils together, enabling muscle cells to act as a syncitium and giving skeletal muscle its classic striated appearance | *'''Z disc''' passes in the transverse plane across the myofibril to attach successive myofibrils together, enabling muscle cells to act as a syncitium and giving skeletal muscle its classic striated appearance | ||
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<big>[[WikiWords#A|'''Top''']]</big> | <big>[[WikiWords#A|'''Top''']]</big> | ||
Revision as of 13:14, 2 February 2009
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A
- Acantholysis - loss of cohesion between cells of living epidermis, especially stratum spinosum
- Acanthosis - hyperplasia of stratum spinosum
- Acariasis - infection with any mite (also known as mange)
- Adnexa - cutaneous appendages - hair, claws, glands
- Adult - Stage in the life cycle which involves sexual multiplication
- Alopecia - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present
- Anagen - growth phase of hair cycle
- Aldosterone - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct
- ADH - Anti diuretic hormone - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
- Antidiuresis - Suppression of urine secretion by the kidney
- Antiporter - A transport protein which is a member of the ATPase group. Transports two molecules in opposite directions.
- Aquaporin - Family of membrane channel proteins which are very important in the movement of water from the nephron
- Astrocytosis - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia)
- Astrogliosis (or gliosis) - Increased numbers of glial fibers
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high. It affects the renal handling of sodium and water.
- Autoinfection - establishment of the products of sexual reproduction in the individual animal they were formed
B
- Bionomics - influence of the environment on the development of the free-living life-cycle stages
- Biotic Potential - ability of an organism to increase in numbers
C
- Comedo - plugged and dilated hair follicle
- Commensalism - two species living together, but with no metabolic dependence
- Crust - accumulation of solid exudate on skin surface, serocellular or haemorrhagic
D
- Definitive host - host in which sexual multiplication of the parasite takes place
- Diapause - phase of dormancy, most often seen in insects
- Direct life-cycle - no intermediate host
- Diuresis - An increased production of Urine
- Diuretic - A drug which acts on the tubule to reduce the reabsorption of water and thus increases urine volume
E
- Ectoparasite - Parasite living on the surface of the host or embedded into host skin
- Embyonated egg - egg containing a fully formed larva
- Encephalo- - Of the Brain
- Encephalitis - Inflammation of the brain
- Endoparasite - parasite living within the body of the host
- Epidemiolgy - factors governing the spread of infection and disease through host populations
- Epidermal collarettes - peeling edge of epithelium surrounding an ulcer or erosion
- Erosion - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring
- Erythema - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries
- Erythropoietin - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph
F
- Facultatively parasitic - Can be parasitic, but not essential for life cycle completion
- Formulation - process by which the physical and/or biologican characteristics of a pharmaceutical substance are modified by combining it with other substances
- Furunculosis - rupture of hair follicles with severe inflammation
G
- Ganglioradiculitis - Inflammation of cranial and spinal ganglia and roots
- Gemistocytes - Highly reactive astrocytes with abundant pink cytoplasm and distinct cell borders
- Gemistocytic astrocytosis - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate
- Generation Time - time taken for one generation to complete its life cycle
- Glomerular Filtration Barrier - This structure is responsible for the selective filtration of the blood in the glomerulus. It is made up of three layers.
- Glomerular Filtration Rate - The volume of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the bowmans capsule every minute.
- Glomerulus - A mass of anastomsing capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule. The function of the glomerulus is to filter components of the blood before they pass to the tubules. The filtrate that is formed consists of water and low molecular weight constituents. The afferent arteriole supplies the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole drains it.
- Growth factors - Various chemicals particularly polypeptides, that have a variety of important roles in the stimulation of new cell growth and cell maintenance
H
- Horizontal Tranmission - transmission of parasite through a population
- Hyperkeratosis - increased thickness of stratum spinosum
- Hypobiosis - development of the parasite within the host caeses at a particular stage in the life cycle when conditions outside the host are unfavourable. Arrested or inhibited development are other common terms.
I
- Indirect life-cycle - intermediate host is involved in the life-cycle
- Intermediate host - a host (other than the final host) in which development of the parasite occurs (usually an essential part of the life cycle)
J
K
L
- Larva - Immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically unlike the adult
- Leptomeninges - Pia and arachnoid mater together
- Leuko- - Of the white matter
- Leukoencephalomalacia - Necrosis of the white matter of the brain
- Leukomyelomalacia - Necrosis of the white matter in the spinal cord
- Lichenification - thickeningof skin superficial layers with exaggerated crevices
M
- Macula Densa - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via tubuloglomerular feedback
- Macule - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter
- Malacia - Necrosis
- Medullary Ray - Middle part of a renal lobule. Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct. They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located.
- Micturition - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine
- Meningitis - Inflammation of the Meninges
- Meningo - Of the Meninges
- Meningoencephalitis - Inflammation of the brain and meninges
- Mesencephalon - Midbrain
- Metencephalon - Cerebellum and pons
- Miliary - Literally 'resembling millet seeds', i.e. small and numerous
- Myelencephalon - Medulla
- Myelitis - Inflammation of the Spinal Cord
- Myelo- - Of the spinal cord
N
- Natriuresis - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine
- Nephron - The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscule and renal tubule.
- Nodule - Large, cicumscibed solid elevation usually extending into deeper layers
- Nymph - immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically similar to the adult
O
- Obligatory parasite - Parasitic for part of its life cycle
- Osmolality - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent
- Osmolarity - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions
- Osmole - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which
- Osmosis - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane
P
- Pachymeninges - Dura mater
- Papule - solid elevation of skin, <1cm in diameter
- Parakeratosis - abnormal cornification, keratinocytes retain their nuclei
- Parasitaemia - presence of parasites circulating in the blood
- Parasitism - two species living together, one at the expense of the other
- Paratenic host - parasite enters host tissue but no development or growth takes place
- Paronychia - inflammation of tissue fold around nail bed
- Parthenogenesis - asexual reproduction where eggs produced by the female develop without fertilisation from the male
- Patch - macule > 1cm in diameter
- Pathogenicity - damage that may be inflicted by the infectious agent
- Pediculosis - Infestation with lice
- Plaque - flet topped swelling > 1cm in diameter
- Polio- - Of the grey matter
- Polioencephalomalacia - Necrosis of the gray matter in the brain
- Poliomyelomalacia - Necrosis of the gray matter in the spinal cord
- Polyradiculoneuritis - Inflammation of multiple spinal or cranial nerve roots
- Predilection site - parasites establish at a particular anatomical site ot in a particular tissue
- Prepatent period - time from infection of the host to the appearance of eggs or larvae in faeces, blood or urine
- Pressure Diuresis - Increasing blood pressure increases urinary output
- Pressure Natriuresis - When blood pressure is increased sodium reabsorption decreases. This helps to restore blood pressure back to normal
- Pruritis - intense and persistent itching
- Pustule - small circumscribed elevation containing pus
Q
R
- Refugia - sites where parasites escape exposure to anitparasitic drugs that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of that species
- Renal Clearance - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood.
- Renal Corpuscule - Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, a single layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) resting on a basement membrane.
- Renal Lobe - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it. A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these
- Renal Lobule - Groups of these make up a renal lobe. It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct
- Renal Pyramid - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.
- Renal Threshold - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine
- Renin - A proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the kidney that plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Reservoir host - infected definitive host which can act as a source of infection for other animals
- Resilience - ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection
- Resistance - ability of an animal to prevent establishment and/or development of infection
- Rose-Waaler test - Specific haemagglutination test for rheumatoid factor in the serum
S
- Salt Hunger - Animals especially herbivores crave salt when they are sodium deficient
- Sarcolemma - cell membrane of the muscle fiber, containing a plasma membrane and an outer coat of polysaccharide conaining collagen fibrils; fuses with tendon fiber at the end of the muscle fiber
- Sarcomere the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs
- Sarcoplasm fills spaces between myofibrils, containing potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum specialy organized reticula to control muscle contraction, site of calcium ion storage
- Scale - fragments of stratum corneum
- Scar - fibrous tissue area that replaced damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue
- Sodium/Potassium ATPase - A common ATPase antiporter in the basolateral membrane of the cells of the nephron which removes sodium from within the cell in exchange for potassium.
- Splay - Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.
- Symbiosis - two species living together, each dependent on the other
- Symporter - A member of the family of transport proteins called ATPases. This protein is responsible for the transport of at least two molecules in the same direction
T
- Telencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres
- Telogen - resting phase of hair cycle
- T-Max - Renal - Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.
- Temporary parasite - only visits the animal to feed
- Transport host - loose association in which the parasite is carried by the host
- Tubule - renal - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts. The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate. The tubule consists of 4 main areas: the Proximal Tubule, the Loop Of Henle, the Distal Tubule and the Collecting Duct.
U
- Ulcer - break in epidermis with exposed underlying dermis
- Urticaria - vascular reaction in dermis, consists of transient wheals
V
- Vasa Recta - The blood vessels supplying the loop of henle
- Vector - imprecise term that refers mostly to invertebrates that spread pathogenic organisms
- Verticle Tranmsission - direct transfer of the parasite from one host generation to the next
- Vesicle - blister <1cm in diameter
W
- Western blot analysis - A technique for the detection of specific proteins, after seperation by electrophoresis, the proteins are bound to radioactively labelled antibodies and identified by X-ray
- Wheal - Sharply demarcated raised lesion caused by dermal oedema
- White pulp - Areas of the spongy interior of the spleen consiting of concentrations of diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue associated with secondary lymphoid function. It includes Spleen folicles (B-cells) and PALs (T-cells). Also known as spleen nodule and Malipighian corpuscle.
X
- Xenotransplantation - transplantation of organs from one species into another species
Y
Z
- Z disc passes in the transverse plane across the myofibril to attach successive myofibrils together, enabling muscle cells to act as a syncitium and giving skeletal muscle its classic striated appearance