Difference between revisions of "Systemic Mycoses"
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− | # | + | {{unfinished}} |
+ | |||
+ | {{toplink | ||
+ | |backcolour = | ||
+ | |linkpage =Fungi | ||
+ | |linktext =FUNGI | ||
+ | |pagetype=Bugs | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Adiaspiromycosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Haplomycosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Emmonsia crescens'' | ||
+ | **Does not proliferate within the animal body | ||
+ | **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore''' | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Worldwide | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Found in soil | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Respiratory infection | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Dimorphic | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar | ||
+ | ==Aspergillosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]], also [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]], [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch mycosis]] | ||
+ | *Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Blastomycosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *North America | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Coccidioidomycosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Coccidioides immitis'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Ocurs in the soil | ||
+ | **Respiratory infections | ||
+ | **Most commonly seen following dust storms | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Occurs in arid regions | ||
+ | **E.g. South West USA and Mexico | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] | ||
+ | **Dissemination can occur to other organs | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causes nodule or granuloma formation | ||
+ | **Localised | ||
+ | **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] | ||
+ | **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Thick-walled spherules in tissue | ||
+ | **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells | ||
+ | **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar | ||
+ | **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used | ||
+ | **A positive skin test indicates exposure | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Entomophthoromycisus== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Basidiobolmycosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest | ||
+ | **Fistulous tracts | ||
+ | **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Microscopically: | ||
+ | **Septate hyphae | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Treatment: | ||
+ | **Surgical excision | ||
+ | **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Histoplasmosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Histoplasma capsulatum'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Commonly pulmonary infections occur | ||
+ | **Other organs can be involved | ||
+ | **Involves the reticuloendothelial system | ||
+ | **Intestinal form can also occur | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Acute and chronic disease can occur | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Endemic to the USA | ||
+ | **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Respiratory infection | ||
+ | **Infection via ingestion can also occur | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Dimorphic fungi | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small | ||
+ | **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds | ||
+ | **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar | ||
+ | **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Also grows on Blood agar | ||
+ | **Small, white yeast-like colonies | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis | ||
+ | **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] | ||
+ | **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally | ||
+ | |||
+ | *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Zygomycosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella'' | ||
+ | **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi'' | ||
+ | **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs | ||
+ | **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis'' | ||
+ | **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Occurs widely in nature | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]] | ||
+ | **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous | ||
+ | **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Pigs | ||
+ | **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions | ||
+ | **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] | ||
+ | **Can also be present in gastric ulcers | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Cattle | ||
+ | **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions | ||
+ | **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur | ||
+ | **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Microscopically: | ||
+ | **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse | ||
+ | **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia | ||
+ | **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched. | ||
+ | **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly | ||
+ | **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar | ||
+ | **Common contaminants | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] | ||
+ | **Surgery is also an option in treatment | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Further Links== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Antifungal Drugs]] |
Revision as of 19:13, 15 May 2009
This article is still under construction. |
|
Adiaspiromycosis
- Haplomycosis
- Emmonsia crescens
- Does not proliferate within the animal body
- Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an adiaspore
- Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens
- Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis
- Worldwide
- Found in soil
- Affects burrowing rodents and small animals
- Respiratory infection
- Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen
- Dimorphic
- Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
Aspergillosis
- Aspergillus fumigatus causes rhinitis and in respiratory tract inflammation, also sinusitis, guttural pouch mycosis
- Sometimes appears on lesions of ethmoidal haematoma
- May cause COPD
Blastomycosis
- North America
Coccidioidomycosis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Ocurs in the soil
- Respiratory infections
- Most commonly seen following dust storms
- Occurs in arid regions
- E.g. South West USA and Mexico
- Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
- Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans
- Mainly affects the lungs
- Dissemination can occur to other organs
- Causes nodule or granuloma formation
- Thick-walled spherules in tissue
- Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules
- Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells
- Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue
- Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
- Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour
- Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used
- A positive skin test indicates exposure
Entomophthoromycisus
- Basidiobolmycosis
- Caused by Basidiobolus and Conidiobulus fungi
- Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue
- Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes
- Basidiobolus causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest
- Fistulous tracts
- Extends to lymph nodes
- Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time
- Microscopically:
- Septate hyphae
- Treatment:
- Surgical excision
- Amphotericin B or Ketoconazole
Histoplasmosis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
- Commonly pulmonary infections occur
- Other organs can be involved
- Involves the reticuloendothelial system
- Intestinal form can also occur
- Acute and chronic disease can occur
- Endemic to the USA
- Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
- Respiratory infection
- Infection via ingestion can also occur
- Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
- Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
- Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
- Dimorphic fungi
- Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
- Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
- Present intracellularly in macrophages as oval yeast cells with few buds
- Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
- Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
- Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
- Also grows on Blood agar
- Small, white yeast-like colonies
- Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
- Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
- Treatment with Amphotericin B
- If Amphotericin B is contra-indicated, imidazoles can be given orally
- The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
Zygomycosis
- Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
- Caused by strains of Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus and Mortierella
- Mucor circinelloides(rare), Rhizomucor pusillus and R. meihi
- Absidia corymbifera often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
- Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus and R. rhizopodormis
- Mortierella wolfi implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), M. hygrophila in fowl and M.polycephala in cattle
- Occurs widely in nature
- Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
- Infects lymph nodes of the respiratory and alimentary tract
- Lymph nodes enlarge and become caseous
- Can cause stomach and intestinal ulcers
- Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
- Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
- Pigs
- Mediastinal and submandibular lymph nodes lesions
- Embolic tumours in the liver and lungs
- Can also be present in gastric ulcers
- Cattle
- Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes lesions
- Ulcers of the nasal cavity and abomasum also occur
- Often contaminate the placenta
- Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
- Microscopically:
- Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
- Rhizomucor produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
- Mucor produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
- Absidia resemble Rhizopus grossly
- Mortierella produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
- Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
- Common contaminants
- Treatment is with Amphotericin B
- Surgery is also an option in treatment