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2

2-D Electrophoresis - a method of gel electrophoresis used to seperate molecules using two properties, on the one hand a difference in size and the other a difference in charge. Currently used as a precursor to proteomics

A

Aa - a blood group found in horses of clinical significance. Aa positive foals born to an Aa negative mare could suffer from equine neonatal isoerythrolysis
Absorption of antibodies - removal of cross-reacting antibodies through incubation of antibodies with their cross-reacting antigens followed by seperation of the formed antigen-antibody complexes. The removal of cross-reacting antibodies is performed using high molecular carriers, as this allows for easier removal of the formed antigen-antibody complexes
Acantholysis - loss of cohesion between cells of living epidermis, especially stratum spinosum
Acanthosis - hyperplasia of stratum spinosum
Acariasis - infection with any mite (also known as mange)
Adaptive immune response - synonymous with specific immune response, an immune response in which either specific sensitised T-cells or specific antibodies are developed
Adhesion molecules - proteins expressed on the cell surface that bind with coresponding cell surface proteins on other cells to cause cell adhesion, also known as cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
Adnexa - cutaneous appendages - hair, claws, glands
Adult - Stage in the life cycle which involves sexual multiplication
Adjuvants - components found in vaccines that improve the immune response to the therapeutical component
Afferent lymphatic duct - lymphatic ducts that supply secondary lymphatic organs
Affinity - biochemical term describing the bonding strength across a ligand-protein bond
Affinity chromatography - a chromatogrphic method based on the highly specific reactions of antigen and antibody. Mainly used for the extraction of monospecific (polyclonal) antibodies and the depletion of cross-reacting antibodies
Agar gel immunodiffusion - see Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
Alopecia - abscence of hair in an area where it is normally present
Anaemia - decreased levels of one or more of the following: red blood cell concentration, haematocrit or haemoglobin concentration.
Anagen - growth phase of hair cycle
Aldosterone - Adrenocortical hormone that promotes the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium in the duct
ADH - Anti diuretic hormone - A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that acts to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Antidiuresis - Suppression of urine secretion by the kidney
Antiporter - A transport protein which is a member of the ATPase group. Transports two molecules in opposite directions.
Aquaporin - Family of membrane channel proteins which are very important in the movement of water from the nephron
Astrocytosis - Increased numbers of astrocytes (hyperplasia)
Astrogliosis (or gliosis) - Increased numbers of glial fibers
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - This hormone is secreted from the atrial walls when blood volume is too high. It affects the renal handling of sodium and water.
Autoinfection - establishment of the products of sexual reproduction in the individual animal they were formed

B

Bacterium permeability increasing factor - a lipopolysaccharide binding protein produced by granulocytes resulting in the permeability of bacteria
Basophilic granulocytes - small population of leukocytes found in the blood that are readily stainable with basic dyes (also known as a basophil)
Beta-2-Microglobulin - a cellular glycoprotein that binds non-covalently to the alpha chain of the MHC-classI molecule to form a stable molecule complex
Bioassay - a scientific experiment/test using living materials (cells, laboratory animals)
Bionomics - influence of the environment on the development of the free-living life-cycle stages
Biotic Potential - ability of an organism to increase in numbers
Biotin - a molecules used in multiphase biochemical reactions due to its high affinity for avidin/streptavidin. Synonymous with vitamin H
Blocking/enhancing antibodies - antibodies that block tumour associated antigens blocking a CD8-cell immune response to these antigens. This was proven through the transfer of serum from animals that had a tumour to animals with the same type of tumour. This transfer enhanced the development of the recipients tumour
Blood-brain-barrier - prevents diffusion of many molecules to enter extracellular tissue of the central nervous system from the blood vessels. This occurs as astrocyte processes form a biochemical support for endothelial cells
Blot/to blot - method of transfering proteins from a gel onto a film
Bottle jaw - describes the jaw line as it is seen in cattle suffering from Johne's disease
Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD) - lethal disease of bovines due to the lack of leukocytal integrin. As a result neutrophils do not adhere to the endothelium and are therefor not able to challenge bacterial caused inflammations
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) - flu like bovine disease
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - causative pathogen of BVD and mucosal disease
Bridging antibody - an anti-species-Ig (antiglobulin)that froms a bridge between the first antibody and the peroxydase-anti-peroxydase complex during the peroxydase-anti-peroxydase method
Bromodeoxyuridin (BrdU) - synthetic nuceloside that is an analogue of thymidine, often wrongly transcribed into the DNA of dividing cells
Bursa of Fabricius - site of haematopoesis in birds and necessary for the maturation of B-cells. The bursa develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca (lat. bursa fabricii)
B-cells - a subgroup of lymphocytes and precursor to antibody producing cells. Also known as B-lymphocyte
B-cell antigen receptor - receptor found on B-cells that identifies antigens usually composed of monoclonal IgM but occationally monoclonal IgD. Each B-cell has only one IgM antigen receptor and one IgD receptor of the same specificity

C

CD - cluster of differentiation (CD) antigen
CD1 - cell surface marker particuarly found on dendritic cells, belongs to the MHC-class-Ib-molecules
CD3 - cell surface marker demarcating the T-cell population, transmits signals detected by an antigen receptor
CD4 - cell surface receptor demarcating T-helper cells, Used as coreceptor in the identification of MHC-classII-associated antigen. It is also a receptor for the HI-virus.
CD14 - specific marker for mononuclear phagocytes. Part of the LPS receptor complex
CD19 - cell surface marker demarcating B-cells
CD20 - cell surface marker demarcating B-cells
CD21 - cell surface marker demarcating B-cells, belongs to the complement receptors and binds C3d. Otherwise known as CR2
CD28 - molecule expressed on T-cells. Only if a CD28 identifies a ligand (CD80, CD86) on an antigen presenting cell does it activate a T-cell that recognises its antigen

CD34 - cell surface marker demarcating stem cells and immature bone marrow cells *CD40 - cell surface marker present on antigen presenting cells, important in the T-B collaboration (mediates isotype-switch)
CD40-Ligand (L) - cell surface marker found on T-cells, important for T-B collaboration (e.g. induction of isotype-switch)
CD44 - cell surface marker, adhesion molecule, expressed on all cells of the immune system
CD45 - cell surface marker unique to all leucocytes, has phosphatase activity
CD45RA - related to CD45, demarcates antigen-naive lymphocytes
CD45RO - related to CD45, demarcates memory cells (lymphocytes that have come in contact with antigen)
Coeliac disease - A condition in which the small intestine fails to digest and absorb food, due to the permanent sensitivity of the intestinal lining to the protein gliadin (found in gluten). Histopathological changes are seen as villi atrophy. Medical name: gluten enteropathy
Comedo - plugged and dilated hair follicle
Commensalism - two species living together, but with no metabolic dependence
Crust - accumulation of solid exudate on skin surface, serocellular or haemorrhagic
Cyclooxygenase (COX) - An enzyme responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids through the convertion arachidonic acid. Cox isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 are targets of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Cytokines - Protein molecules released by cells when activated by antigen, involved with cell-to-cell comunications, acting as enhancing mediators for immune responses through interaction with specific cell-surface receptors on leukocytes
Cytotoxicity - Is the quality of being toxic to cells and resulting in cell death

D

DEA-1.1 - Canine blood group of clinical importance, as it has the potential for sensitising a transplant recipient
Defensins - Small cationic peptides part of the innate immune system and aid in the defense against fungal infections
Definitive host - host in which sexual multiplication of the parasite takes place
Degranulation - Cellular process of releasing molecules from secretory vesicles called granules from inside some cells, particularly observed in granulocytes and macrophages
Diapause - phase of dormancy, most often seen in insects
Diapedesis - Migration of cells through the endothelium of blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
Direct antibody detection - detection of antibodies using labeled anti-antibodies
Direct life-cycle - no intermediate host
Diuresis - An increased production of Urine
Diuretic - A drug which acts on the tubule to reduce the reabsorption of water and thus increases urine volume
Dot histogram - Statistical chart used for plotting continuous, quantitative, univariate data, showing frequency distribution against a range of parameters
Dot plot - Statistical chart used for plotting continuous, quantitative, univariate data, each result being displayed as a dot in a two dimentional chart

E

Ectoparasite - Parasite living on the surface of the host or embedded into host skin
Embyonated egg - egg containing a fully formed larva
Encephalo- - Of the Brain
Encephalitis - Inflammation of the brain
Endoparasite - parasite living within the body of the host
Epidemiolgy - factors governing the spread of infection and disease through host populations
Epidermal collarettes - peeling edge of epithelium surrounding an ulcer or erosion
Erosion - superficial ulcer involvng only epidermis, heals without scarring
Erythema - reddening of skin caused by congestion of capillaries
Erythropoietin - A hormone synthesised in the kidney that acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - Comprises the blood plasma, the tissue fluid and the lymph

F

Facultatively parasitic - Can be parasitic, but not essential for life cycle completion
Formulation - process by which the physical and/or biologican characteristics of a pharmaceutical substance are modified by combining it with other substances
Forward scatter (FSC) - axial light beam in flow cytometry,of which the intensity is proportional to the partical size
Furunculosis - rupture of hair follicles with severe inflammation

G

Ganglioradiculitis - Inflammation of cranial and spinal ganglia and roots
Gemistocytes - Highly reactive astrocytes with abundant pink cytoplasm and distinct cell borders
Gemistocytic astrocytosis - Astrocytic hyperplasia in which gemistocytic forms predominate
Generation Time - time taken for one generation to complete its life cycle
Glomerular Filtration Barrier - This structure is responsible for the selective filtration of the blood in the glomerulus. It is made up of three layers.
Glomerular Filtration Rate - The volume of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the bowmans capsule every minute.
Glomerulus - A mass of anastomsing capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule. The function of the glomerulus is to filter components of the blood before they pass to the tubules. The filtrate that is formed consists of water and low molecular weight constituents. The afferent arteriole supplies the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole drains it.
Growth factors - Various chemicals particularly polypeptides, that have a variety of important roles in the stimulation of new cell growth and cell maintenance

H

Heavy chains of antibodies - a structural unit of an antibody, each antibody consists of two heavy chains and two light chains. Heavy chains show structural variance depending on the isotype of the antibody
Horizontal Tranmission - transmission of parasite through a population
Hyperkeratosis - increased thickness of stratum spinosum
Hypobiosis - development of the parasite within the host caeses at a particular stage in the life cycle when conditions outside the host are unfavourable. Arrested or inhibited development are other common terms.

I

Immunosurveillance - describes the surveillance and destruction of developing tumor cells using tumor aassociated antigens through the adaptive immune system
Indirect life-cycle - intermediate host is involved in the life-cycle
Intermediate host - a host (other than the final host) in which development of the parasite occurs (usually an essential part of the life cycle)

J

JC-1 - A fluorescent dye used in the determination of mitochondrial membrane potential
Johne's disease (pronounced 'yo-knees') - Is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that affects primarily the small intestine of ruminants caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It is sometimes known as paratuberculosis.

K

L

Larva - Immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically unlike the adult
Leptomeninges - Pia and arachnoid mater together
Leuko- - Of the white matter
Leukoencephalomalacia - Necrosis of the white matter of the brain
Leukomyelomalacia - Necrosis of the white matter in the spinal cord
Lichenification - thickeningof skin superficial layers with exaggerated crevices

M

Macula Densa - This structure found in the wall of the distal tubule is involved in the regulation of GFR via tubuloglomerular feedback
Macule - circumscribed change in skin colour < 1cm in diameter
Malacia - Necrosis
Medullary Ray - Middle part of a renal lobule. Its a straight tube which a nephron drains into and it connects to a collecting duct. They are only in the renal cortex and its name refers to where it is heading not where it is located.
Micturition - Is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine
Meningitis - Inflammation of the Meninges
Meningo - Of the Meninges
Meningoencephalitis - Inflammation of the brain and meninges
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Metencephalon - Cerebellum and pons
Miliary - Literally 'resembling millet seeds', i.e. small and numerous
Myelencephalon - Medulla
Myelitis - Inflammation of the Spinal Cord
Myelo- - Of the spinal cord

N

Natriuresis - Abnormal amounts of sodium loss in the urine
Nephron - The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal corpuscule and renal tubule.
Nodule - Large, cicumscibed solid elevation usually extending into deeper layers
Nymph - immature stage in the life-cycle morphologically similar to the adult

O

O-antigen - part of a lipopolysaccharide, oligosaccharide, used to differentiate between different species of gram-negative bacteria
Obligatory parasite - Parasitic for part of its life cycle
Oligodentrocyte - a specialised glial cell of the central nervous system responsible for producing the myelin sheaths found around the neurons
Opportunistic pathogen - a commensal pathogen that does not cause disease unless the hosts immune sytem is compromised
Opsonization - the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte usually involving IgG as well as complement factors
Osborndale Ivanhoe - name of the bull in which the BLAD mutation was first identified. He lived in the 1950's in the USA
Osmolality - Number of osmoles of solute per kilo of solvent
Osmolarity - Number of osmoles of solute per litre of solutions
Osmole - It is a non-SI unit which represents the number of moles of a chemical compound which
Osmosis - The passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Osteoclast - subpopulation of mononuclear phagocytes, whose main function is the resorbtion of calcified bone
Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion - A method of diffusing antigen and antibody in a gel to observe precipitation between the two, considered the gold standart for the detection of extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs). Also known as agar gel immunodiffusion
Oxidative burst - caused by the NAD(P)H oxydase, as a sequence of reactions that result in a series of reactive oxygen molecules

P

Pachymeninges - Dura mater
PAGE - see polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Papule - solid elevation of skin, <1cm in diameter
Paracortex - portion of lymphnode immediately surrounding the cortex
Parakeratosis - abnormal cornification, keratinocytes retain their nuclei
Paraprotein - immunoglobulins produced as a result of paraproteinaemia, they are products of neoplastic antibody synthesising B-cells
Paraproteinaemia - cancer of certain types of B-cells resulting in heir production of inspecific monoclonal antibodes
Parasitaemia - presence of parasites circulating in the blood
Parasitism - two species living together, one at the expense of the other
Paratenic host - parasite enters host tissue but no development or growth takes place
Paratuberculosis - bovine disease folling the exposure to mycobacterium species. Synonymous with Johne's disease
Paronychia - inflammation of tissue fold around nail bed
Parthenogenesis - asexual reproduction where eggs produced by the female develop without fertilisation from the male
Parvovirosis - disease due to an infection with a parvovirus
Passive/adoptive immunity - transfer of parts of the immune system to a recipient, generally the transfer of antibodies
Patch - macule > 1cm in diameter
Pathogenicity - damage that may be inflicted by the infectious agent
Pediculosis - Infestation with lice
Plaque - flet topped swelling > 1cm in diameter
Platelet activating factor (PAF) - phospholipid derrived factor with inflammatory and platelet activating properties
Polio- - Of the grey matter
Polioencephalomalacia - Necrosis of the gray matter in the brain
Poliomyelomalacia - Necrosis of the gray matter in the spinal cord
Polyradiculoneuritis - Inflammation of multiple spinal or cranial nerve roots
Predilection site - parasites establish at a particular anatomical site ot in a particular tissue
Prepatent period - time from infection of the host to the appearance of eggs or larvae in faeces, blood or urine
Pressure Diuresis - Increasing blood pressure increases urinary output
Pressure Natriuresis - When blood pressure is increased sodium reabsorption decreases. This helps to restore blood pressure back to normal
Pruritis - intense and persistent itching
Pustule - small circumscribed elevation containing pus

Q

Qa - blood group found in horses of clinical significance. Aa positive foals from an Aa negative mare can suffer from neonatal isoerythrolysis
Q-PCR - see real-time PCR
QRT-PCR - see real-time RT-PCR
Quantitative PCR - method that allows for quantifying the amplificated mRNA present. Real-time RT-PCR is a part of this
Quil A - purified saponin mixture from a Southamerican bark

R

Refugia - sites where parasites escape exposure to anitparasitic drugs that would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of that species
Regolatory T-cells (Treg) - subpopulation of CD4-cells which supress T-cells
Renal Clearance - Is dependant on glomerular filtration rate and demonstrates the kidneys ability to remove a compound from the blood.
Renal Corpuscule - Consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, a single layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) resting on a basement membrane.
Renal Lobe - A multipyramidal kidney has several lobes each consisting of a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it. A unipyramidal kidney only has one of these
Renal Lobule - Groups of these make up a renal lobe. It is a collective name for a group of nephrons draining into a single medullary ray which in turn drains into a collecting duct
Renal Pyramid - Visible grossly this is the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.
Renal Threshold - The concentration at which glucose begins to appear in the urine
Renin - A proteolytic enzyme synthesised in the kidney that plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Reservoir host - infected definitive host which can act as a source of infection for other animals
Resilience - ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection
Resistance - ability of an animal to prevent establishment and/or development of infection
Rose-Waaler test - Specific haemagglutination test for rheumatoid factor in the serum

S

Salt Hunger - Animals especially herbivores crave salt when they are sodium deficient
Sandwich ELISA - a version of ELISA testing allowing to identify the presence of minute quantities of antigen
Sarcoid - a commonly found type of skin cancer in the horse
Sarcolemma - cell membrane of the muscle fiber, containing a plasma membrane and an outer coat of polysaccharide conaining collagen fibrils; fuses with tendon fiber at the end of the muscle fiber
Sarcomere the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs
Sarcoplasm fills spaces between myofibrils, containing potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum specialy organized reticula to control muscle contraction, site of calcium ion storage
Scale - fragments of stratum corneum
Scar - fibrous tissue area that replaced damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue
Scintillation counter - instrument for measuring beta-radiation
Side scatter (SSC) - light beams perpendicular to the flow of the stream, its intensity is dependant on the optical heterogenicity of the particle, in short its granularity
Sodium/Potassium ATPase - A common ATPase antiporter in the basolateral membrane of the cells of the nephron which removes sodium from within the cell in exchange for potassium.
Splay - Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.
Symbiosis - two species living together, each dependent on the other
Symporter - A member of the family of transport proteins called ATPases. This protein is responsible for the transport of at least two molecules in the same direction

T

Takycardia - faster than normal pulse rate/heart beat
TAP - transporter of antigenic peptides, mediates the transport of fractions of antibodies into the endoplasmic reticulum
Taqman - instrument used for measuring real time PCR or real time RT-PCR
T-cell antigen receptor - receptor found on T-cells that identifies antigens. They consist of an alpha and a beta chain or of a gamma chain and delta chain. Each T-cell has only one type of T-cell receptor
Telencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres
Telogen - resting phase of hair cycle
T-Max - Renal - Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.
Temporary parasite - only visits the animal to feed
Tetramer - a compound consisting of four subunits of identical MHC molecules carrying four of the same porteins marked with fluorescent dye. Used for quantifying the percentage of antigen (in this case tetramer) specific cells
TGF beta receptor family - group of receptors all with similar structure to TGF beta receptor
Th1 cells - subgroup of T-cells that produce IFN-gamma but not IL-4
Th2 cells - subgroup of T-cells that produce IL-4 but not IFN-gamma
T-helper/helper-T cells - are CD4-T cells that aid in antibody production (Th2) and macrophage activation (Th1) through the release of cytokines
Thermphilic actinomycetes - a type of fungy commonly found in mouldy hay. The species commonly found is Micropolyspora faeni due to its particularly small spores that can travel deep into the airways
Thromboxane - derivative of arachidonic acid, aggregates thrombocytes
Thrombocytes - blood platelets
Thymus dependent areas - describes areas in lymphatic organs that are dominated by a collection of T-cells. T-cells have receptors that allow for the migration into these areas
TNF receptor family - group of receptors structurally similar to TNF receptor
Tolerogen - operational term: a substance that produces tolerance, ususally immunological
Toll-like receptors (TLR) - an example of PRR (pattern recognition receptors) they have a similar structure and result in a similar signal transduction cascade occuring
Transferrin - serum protein involved in iron transport
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) cytokine with antiinflammatory and immunosupressing properties
Transgenic animal - a foreign gene is coloned into an animal such that it is constitutively expressed, usually in a mouse
Transgenic knock out animal - the inactivation of a functioning own gene through the insertion of a foreign gene into the functioning gene, this is usually done in mice
Transplacental - Scientific term for passing through the placenta crossing the physical and biological barriers
Transport host - loose association in which the parasite is carried by the host
Trimester - a period of three months
Tuberculin reaction - a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, characterised through the presence of lymphocytes and Monocytes. This cellular reaction is often used as evidence for the presence of a solid cellular immunity. In this instance tuberculin is a model antigen as it causes this reaction in animals vacinated against tuberculosis (i.e. sensitised animals). Tubercilin is an antibody that is dereived from the tuberculosis causing mycobacterium
Tubule - renal - A minute tube, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, that extends in a convoluted manner from the Bowman's capsule to the collecting ducts. The primary function of the tubule is to secrete and reabsorb water, inorganic ions and other molecules from the glomerular filtrate. The tubule consists of 4 main areas: the Proximal Tubule, the Loop Of Henle, the Distal Tubule and the Collecting Duct.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - cytokine with proinflammatory, procoagulative, resistence developing and necrosis inducing properties, derrived from mononuclear phagocytes and activated T-cells
Tumor suppresor gene - genes that produce products that dampen tumor development
Tumortransformation - the mutation of healthy cells into necrotic cells
TUNEL method - method of measuring the level of apoptosis in tissue (histological and cytological examinations). Stands for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling
Tyrosin kinase receptor family - family of receptors with a transmembrane region and its own kinase (phospholysing enzymatic activity) on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor

U

Ulcer - break in epidermis with exposed underlying dermis
Urticaria - vascular reaction in dermis, consists of transient wheals
Uveitis - Inflammation of any part of the uveal tract of the eye, either the irirs, ciliary body, or choroid.

V

Vaccinating - exposure to an antigen triggering a primary immune responce, with the aim of the individual developing a secondary immune response at subsequent exposures to the pathogen, therefore becoming immune to the pathogenic stimmulus
Vasa Recta - The blood vessels supplying the loop of henle
Vasoactive compounds - collective term for substances that have effect on the vasculisation resulting in inflammation accompanied by redness, swelling and itching
Vector - imprecise term that refers mostly to invertebrates that spread pathogenic organisms
Veiled cells - describes cells found in the afferent lymphatic ducts that carry antigens from the periphery to the corresponding draining lymph node
Verticle Tranmsission - direct transfer of the parasite from one host generation to the next
Vesicle - blister <1cm in diameter

W

Western blot analysis - A technique for the detection of specific proteins, after seperation by electrophoresis, the proteins are bound to radioactively labelled antibodies and identified by X-ray
Wheal - Sharply demarcated raised lesion caused by dermal oedema
White pulp - Areas of the spongy interior of the spleen consiting of concentrations of diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue associated with secondary lymphoid function. It includes Spleen folicles (B-cells) and PALs (T-cells). Also known as spleen nodule and Malipighian corpuscle.

X

Xenotransplantation - transplantation of organs from one species into another species

Y

Z

Z disc passes in the transverse plane across the myofibril to attach successive myofibrils together, enabling muscle cells to act as a syncitium and giving skeletal muscle its classic striated appearance
Zoonosis - An infectious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans

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