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− | # | + | {{review}} |
+ | |||
+ | {{toplink | ||
+ | |backcolour = D1EEEE | ||
+ | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology | ||
+ | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System | ||
+ | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology | ||
+ | |pagetype =Pathology | ||
+ | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology | ||
+ | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | ==In general== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Main clinical expression is as secondary invaders of previously damaged lung tissue due to viral or parasitic involvement or environmental stress | ||
+ | *Some are initial pathogens in their own right while others can damage the tract allowing invasion by more pathogenic types | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Dogs== | ||
+ | [[Infectious Canine Tracheitis]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Tuberculosis - Dogs]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Nocardiosis]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Cats== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Chlamydiosis, Feline]] === | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===''[[Mycoplasma felis]]''=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Horses== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Strangles]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===''[[Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus]]''=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Glanders]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===''[[Rhodococcus equi]]''=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Cattle== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Necrotic Laryngitis]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Cillia-associated Respiratory Bacillus]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Tuberculosis - Cattle]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia]] === | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Acute Exudative Pneumonia]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Sheep== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Laryngeal Chondritis]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===''CAR bacillus''=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs]]=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===[[Melioidosis]] === | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Pigs== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Atrophic Rhinitis=== | ||
+ | [[Image:Severe atrophic rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Severe atrophic rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout | ||
+ | *Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with | ||
+ | **''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' | ||
+ | ***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella'' | ||
+ | **Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A) | ||
+ | ***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together | ||
+ | *Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors | ||
+ | *In rapidly growing young pigs (4-12 weeks old) | ||
+ | *Clinical signs | ||
+ | **Progressive facial deformity with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], catarrhal nasal discharge | ||
+ | **Sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Gross pathology | ||
+ | **Overlying skin on shortened snout is thrown into folds | ||
+ | **Deviation of the snout to most affected side | ||
+ | **Various loss of turbinate bone, ventral usually more affected | ||
+ | **Deviation of nasal septum away from affected chamber | ||
+ | **Inflammatory, haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions in the nasal mucosa | ||
+ | *Micro pathology | ||
+ | **Reduction in the amount of bone in the turbinates | ||
+ | **No osteoid laid down between osteoblasts and existing bone | ||
+ | **Increased fibrous tissue | ||
+ | **Non-specific mucosal inflammation | ||
+ | |||
+ | *2 forms of the disease | ||
+ | **''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis''' | ||
+ | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella multocida|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]] | ||
+ | ***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive | ||
+ | **''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis''' | ||
+ | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin. | ||
+ | ***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs=== | ||
+ | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|in cattle]] | ||
+ | *Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs=== | ||
+ | [[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Enzootic pneumonia of pigs(Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Mycoplasma hyorhinis]]'' | ||
+ | *Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia''' | ||
+ | *Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs | ||
+ | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs | ||
+ | *Cough, reduced growth rate | ||
+ | *Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]] | ||
+ | *Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]) | ||
+ | *Gross pathology: | ||
+ | **Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes | ||
+ | **In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process | ||
+ | *Histologically | ||
+ | **Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] | ||
+ | **In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae''=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causative agent: ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]'' | ||
+ | *Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] | ||
+ | *Spread by direct contact and aerosol | ||
+ | *Lesions | ||
+ | **Largely from toxin produced | ||
+ | **In diphragmatic lobes of the lungs | ||
+ | *Haemorrhage with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]] | ||
+ | *Usually localised, sometimes generalised | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Pasteurellosis in pigs=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs | ||
+ | *The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] | ||
+ | **This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] | ||
+ | *If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''[[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia]]'' (below) | ||
+ | *Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by [[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia|''Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumonia'']] | ||
+ | *Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age | ||
+ | *Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs | ||
+ | *A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]] | ||
+ | *Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate | ||
+ | *Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Glasser's disease=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'' | ||
+ | *May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis) | ||
+ | *Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Streptococcal pneumonia=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' type II | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Tuberculosis in pigs=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Pigs are susceptible to the [[:Category:Mycobacterium species|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]] | ||
+ | *Rarely extends to lungs after haematogenous spread from ingested bacteria causing tubercles with various degrees of calcification, encapsulation and caseation | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==In Rabbits== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Snuffles=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' | ||
+ | *Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===''CAR bacillus''=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]] |
Revision as of 14:13, 30 June 2010
This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing. |
|
In general
- Main clinical expression is as secondary invaders of previously damaged lung tissue due to viral or parasitic involvement or environmental stress
- Some are initial pathogens in their own right while others can damage the tract allowing invasion by more pathogenic types
In Dogs
Tuberculosis - Dogs
Nocardiosis
In Cats
Chlamydiosis, Feline
Mycoplasma felis
In Horses
Strangles
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
Glanders
Rhodococcus equi
In Cattle
Necrotic Laryngitis
Cillia-associated Respiratory Bacillus
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Tuberculosis - Cattle
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves
Acute Exudative Pneumonia
In Sheep
Laryngeal Chondritis
CAR bacillus
- As in cattle
Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs
Melioidosis
In Pigs
Atrophic Rhinitis
- Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout
- Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic Pasteurella
- Toxin-producing strain of Pasteurella multocida capsular type D (or sometimes A)
- Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
- In rapidly growing young pigs (4-12 weeks old)
- Clinical signs
- Progressive facial deformity with rhinitis, catarrhal nasal discharge
- Sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia
- Gross pathology
- Overlying skin on shortened snout is thrown into folds
- Deviation of the snout to most affected side
- Various loss of turbinate bone, ventral usually more affected
- Deviation of nasal septum away from affected chamber
- Inflammatory, haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions in the nasal mucosa
- Micro pathology
- Reduction in the amount of bone in the turbinates
- No osteoid laid down between osteoblasts and existing bone
- Increased fibrous tissue
- Non-specific mucosal inflammation
- 2 forms of the disease
- 'Progressive' atrophic rhinitis
- Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. P.multocida adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with B.bronchiseptica or Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)
- Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
- 'Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis
- Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by Bordetella bronchiseptica strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
- Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
- 'Progressive' atrophic rhinitis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica also causes bronchopneumonia
Necrotic laryngitis in pigs
- As in cattle
- Caused by infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum
Enzootic pneumonia of pigs
- Caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis
- Also called mycoplasmal pneumonia
- Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
- Pneumonia in weaned pigs
- Cough, reduced growth rate
- Attached to cilia - no mucociliary clearance
- Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. Pasteurella multocida)
- Gross pathology:
- Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
- In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
- Histologically
- Changes result from a catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia
- In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
- Causative agent: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
- Expolsive outbreaks of pneumonia
- Spread by direct contact and aerosol
- Lesions
- Largely from toxin produced
- In diphragmatic lobes of the lungs
- Haemorrhage with fibrinous pleuritis
- Usually localised, sometimes generalised
Pasteurellosis in pigs
- Pasteurella multocida can cause a severe acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia in pigs
- The most significant disease here is that caused by P. multocida secondary to underlying mycoplasma pneumonia, see above enzootic pneumonia of pigs
- This results in chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with abscessation and pleuritis
- If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by Haemophilus pleuropneumonia (below)
- Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia
- Caused by Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumonia
- Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
- Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
- A fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia with pleurisy
- Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
- Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
Glasser's disease
- Caused by Haemophilus parasuis
- May cause suppurative bronchopneumonia and pleuritis (as part of polyserositis)
- Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
Streptococcal pneumonia
- Caused by Streptococcus suis type II
Tuberculosis in pigs
- Pigs are susceptible to the Mycobacterium spp. causing tuberculosis in cattle
- Rarely extends to lungs after haematogenous spread from ingested bacteria causing tubercles with various degrees of calcification, encapsulation and caseation
In Rabbits
Snuffles
- Caused by Pasteurella multocida, less commonly and/or Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic rhinitis
CAR bacillus
- As in cattle