Difference between revisions of "Rhinitis"

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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology|'''VIRAL''']]
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| [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
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| [[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections|'''BACTERIAL''']]
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|'''FUNGAL''']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology|'''PARASITIC''']]
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| '''Dogs'''
 
| '''Dogs'''
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Canine distemper]]
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| [[Distemper|Canine distemper]]
 
| secondary
 
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|''A. fumigatus'']]
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| [[Aspergillus spp.|''A. fumigatus'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|''Linguatula serrata]]
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| ''[[Linguatula serrata]]
 
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 2|Parainfluenza- 2]]
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| [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Parainfluenza- 2]]
 
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|''C. neoformans'']]
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| [[Cryptococcus neoformans|''C. neoformans'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Capillaria aerophila|''Capillaria aerophila'']]
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|''Cryptococcus neoformans'']]
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| [[Cryptococcus neoformans|''Cryptococcus neoformans'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#In Cats|''Linguatula serrata]] sometimes
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| ''[[Linguatula serrata]]'' sometimes
 
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| [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|''Aspergillus fumigatus'']]
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Capillaria aerophila|''Capillaria aerophila'']]
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| [[Capillaria|''Capillaria aerophila'']]
 
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine rhinovirus|Equine rhinovirus]]
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| ''[[Parascaris equorum]]''
 
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus|''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus'']]  
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| [[Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus|''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus'']]  
 
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine rhinopneumonitis|Equine rhinopneumonitis]]
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis]]
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| [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis]]
 
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
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| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
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| subclinical [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|''CAR bacillus'']]
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| subclinical [[Cillia-Associated Respiratory Bacillus|''CAR bacillus'']]
 
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| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza - 3]]
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| subclinical [[Cillia-Associated Respiratory Bacillus|''CAR bacillus'']]
 
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| [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Oestrus ovis|''Oestrus ovis'' larvae]]
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| [[Oestrus ovis|''Oestrus ovis'' larvae]]
 
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| '''Pigs'''
 
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| [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Inclusion body rhinitis|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
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| [[Inclusion Body Rhinitis|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
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| [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Atrophic Rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis]]
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| [[Atrophic Rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis]]
 
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'''For an overview of respiratory infections see [[Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology]]'''
 

Revision as of 12:21, 20 July 2010

 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.


WikiPathWikiPath Banner.png
()Map CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Map)
NASAL CAVITY 



For an overview of respiratory infections see Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology


Rhinitis

Mucoid rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Acute or chronic
  • Aetiology
    • Infectious
    • Allergic
    • Toxic
    • Traumatic e.g. foreign bodies
  • Serous cells usually first to respond to a noxious agent, releasing secretions into the mucocilliary blanket
  • Serous rhinitis - typical mild 'runny nose'
    • Loss of cilia and hydropic degeneration of epithelial cells
    • Epithelium becomes susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, including overgrowth of resident nasopharyngeal flora
    • Goblet cells become stimulated, changing the secretions into a thick opaque mucus ->
  • Catarrhal rhinitis
    • Contains mucus, emigrating leukocytes and few sloughed epithelial cells
  • Mucopurulent and then purulent rhinitis
    • When secondary bacterial infection is severe, migrating neutrophils pour into the exudate
    • More severe damage to the nasal mucosa causes vascular permeability and seepage of large molecular weight proteins, including fibrinogen, into the exudate ->
  • Fibrinopurulent and fibrinous rhinitis
  • Fibronecrotic and ulcerative rhinitis are manifestations of very severe damage to the nasal mucosa


Chronic rhinitis

  • Happens when acute rhinitis fails to resolve - common
  • Typically catarrhal or purulent
  • In chronic purulent rhinitis
    • Extensive fibrosis of the lamina propria
    • Atrophy of nasal glands
    • Squamous cell metaplasia
  • -> Impaired local defences
  • Superficial fibrinous membrane can be peeled of without leaving dmaged tissue underneath
  • Deeper fibronecrotic lesions associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum - yellowish fibronecrotic membrane, when removed, leaves ulcerated surface
  • May manifest as nasal polyps, progressive haematoma in horses and nasopharyngeal polyp of cats


Allergic rhinitis

  • Occurs in dogs, cats and horses, may occur seasonally in cattle, especially Channel Island breeds
  • Similar inflammatory changes as above
  • Due to hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens
  • Eosinophils tend to be the dominant infiltrating leukocytes
  • Grossly:
    • Pale, thick, oedematous nasal mucosa
  • Histologically:
    • Hyperplastic, eroded nasal epithelium, eosinophil infiltrate
  • If chronic -> Nasal granuloma
    • Extends caudally, even to larynx and proximal trachea
    • Grossly:
      • Granular hyperplastic epithelium with multiple nodules covered by normal epithelium
    • Hisologically:
      • Centre of granulation tissue surrounded by oedematous lamina propria covered by hyperplastic epithelium
      • Goblet cell hyperplasia
      • Eosinophil infiltration


Sinusitis is a common sequel to rhinitis


Infectious causes of rhinitis

. VIRAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL PARASITIC
Dogs Canine distemper secondary A. fumigatus Linguatula serrata
. Parainfluenza- 2 . C. neoformans Capillaria aerophila
. Canine herpes virus . . .
Cats Feline viral rhinotracheitis secondary Cryptococcus neoformans Linguatula serrata sometimes
. Feline calicivirus . Aspergillus fumigatus Capillaria aerophila
Horses Equine rhinovirus Strangles Aspergillus spp. Parascaris equorum
. Equine influenza Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus . .
. Equine rhinopneumonitis Glanders . .
. Equine viral arteritis . . .
Cattle Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis secondary . .
. Parainfluenza- 3 subclinical CAR bacillus . .
. Bovine adenovirus . . .
Sheep Parainfluenza - 3 subclinical CAR bacillus . Oestrus ovis larvae
Pigs Inclusion body rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis . .
. Swine influenza . . .
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