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*Can stimulate the immune system to amplify the adaptive immune response |l11=Vaccines#Dog Vaccinations

...immune system. Dogs which are affected are unable to mount an appropriate immune response and are more susceptible to infection and allergic conditions. It ...rimary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]][[Category:Immunological Diseases - Dog]]

===Immune-Mediated=== ...une system damages the glandular tissue. Dogs with KCS often have other '''immune-mediated''' diseases.

...en almost exclusively in puppies younger than 16 weeks. It often occurs in dog breeds such as the Dachshund, Labrador, Golden Retriever and Pointer. Singl An underlying '''immune dysfunction''' is likely and bacterial involvement, when present, is second

===Alimentary System=== ===Cardiovascular System:===

2. [[Canine Parvovirus|''Canine Parvo (dog)'']] *EHV-1 can also affect the nervous system

...ous splenectomy or is undergoing chemotherapy and has a compromised immune system. ...tegory:Anaemia|7]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Dog]]

...the uptake and destruction of platelets by cells of the monocyte-phagocyte system (MPS). The destruction of platelets usually results in severe [[Platelet Ab ...P . ITP that occurs concurrently with [[Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia|immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia]] (IMHA) is known as '''Evan’s syndrome'''.

...As animals grow older and become exposed to hookworm larvae, a strong Th2 immune response develops so that new L3 larvae are trapped within eosinophilic gra ...d, progressing to areas of alopecia and lichenification. The owner of the dog may be affected by '''[[Cutaneous Larva Migrans|cutaneous larva migrans]]''

'''1. Initial antigen exposure sensitises immune system (Image 1):''' * The release of inflammatary [[Cytokines|cytokines]] which can cause the dog to become itchy.

...thought to reflect an exaggerated or inappropriate response by the immune system to dietary, bacterial or self-antigens. IBD is a diagnosis of exclusion. Affects the cat, dog and horse. No sex or breed or age predispositions exist.

#REDIRECT[[:Category:Integumentary System - Bacterial Infections]]

...and, unlike the conjugated form, this cannot be excreted by the [[Urinary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]]. Possible causes of haemolysis and *'''Immune reactions''' to red blood cells, including:

:'''[[Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia|Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia]]''' [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Dog]]

...the body. The pathology can be attributed to true autoantibody binding, '''immune complex deposition''' causing a [[Type III Hypersensitivity|type III hypers ...l?q=title%3A%28systemic+lupus+erythematosus%29+OR+title%3A%28multisystemic+immune+mediated+disease%29&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus publicati

...f platelets. Infections, neoplasia and [[Immune Mediated Thrombocytopaenia|immune-mediated thrombocytopaenia]] (ITP) are common causes of thrombocytopaenia, ...atelet clumps have formed. The normal blood platelet concentration of the dog is 175-500x10^9; a tendency to bleed following an insult such as venepunctu

* Haemorrhage is the escape of blood from within the cardiovascular system. * Endothelial damage is caused by accumulation of immune complexes.

*For a localised '''mucosal''' immune response, intranasal administration is required ([[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]) ...es. The acquired antibodies are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - Overview#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], and catabolised by the body, mean

After absorption, retinol is released into the [[Lymphatic System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|lymphatics]] with chylomicrons and transpor ...al vision, cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, [[:Category:Immunology|immune function]], and transmembrane protein transfer'''.

...osis), viral, mycoplasmal, end stage renal disease, liver disease and auto-immune diseases. ...unts of necrotic debris, infection by microorganisms from the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GIT]] is likely, causing abscesses.

'''1. They have poorly developed immune systems and are immunocompromised at birth.''' ...and B lymphocytes are found in the blood. However the ability to mount an immune response to certain antigens is absent. This may be due to:

...nting cells]] in the epidermis as part of the mononuclear phagocyte immune system. Langerhans' cells express MHC I and II molecules and immunoglubulin Fc re ...and a complex array of sinuses and ducts. Age, pregnancy and [[Endocrine System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|endocrine]] factors have an important role

...common disease of adrenal hyperfunction that is seen most commonly in the dog. There are three known causes of the adrenal hyperfunction: dysfunction of '''Immune system''': cortisol is '''anti-inflammatory''' by a number of mechanisms e.g. stab

...enteric bacterial flora and by changes in the response of the host immune system to these bacteria. It may occur independently of any other apparent pathol ...changed over time based on an evolving understanding of the mucosal immune system. Idiopathic ARD is particularly common in German shepherd dogs and much of

...nimal tissues; the highest concentrations are found in [[:Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|brain]], [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]], and ...bile acids, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, in human, dog, and rabbit bile. J Chrom. 1986;353:207-13.</ref>. Cats are unable to switc

...A) is the result of a [[Type II Hypersensitivity|type II antibody-mediated immune response]] directed against molecules expressed on the surface of erythrocy ...th Fc receptors expressed by cells of the hepatosplenic monocyte-phagocyte system (MPS), they promote the uptake and destruction of the red blood cells to wh

...sand fly, leishmaniasis is being observed more frequently in the domestic dog population. This has largely been attributed to the increase in the number ...in the risks involved with chemotherapy, such as suppression of the immune system, and the expense of prolonged treatment.

...estion]], growth, healing, [[Lizard Reproduction|reproduction]] and immune system function. ...d draughts), trauma (stepped on, closed in doors, falling, attacked by cat/dog) and escape.

...e:Lymph Node positions.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Positions of the lymph nodes (dog) - Copyright B.Catchpole RVC]] ...Lymph nodes act as a filter for the lymph removing antigens and releasing immune-competent cells and immunoglobulins.</p>

...s the [[Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System|renin angiotensin aldosterone system]] controls [[Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Mineralocorticoids|miner ...of abortion and parturition in ruminants. This effect is not noted in the dog or cat.

...lla]]'' bacteria genus. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertilit ...n semen for up to 2 years and in urine for up to 3 months. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism; however non-protective antibody m

...dermatitis in dogs and cats and is also used in the management of certain immune-mediated diseases. Serum concentrations do not correlate well with the clin Potassium bromide has a long half life (24 days) and in the dog serum concentrations may take 3-4 months to stabilise. The drug concentrati

It is more common in the German Shepherd Dog and the Collie but remains a very rare disease. Males are predisposed, even This is very rare but has been reported in the dog. It is thought to be a '''benign version of pemphigus vulgaris'''. The dise

[[Image:Giardia Cyst.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Giardia cyst from a dog. Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Joel Mills (2006)]] ...d can survive in the environment for several months. Animals that mount an immune response to ''[[Giardia]]'' can eliminate infection; however, the immunity

...hese diseases arise and his research into the role of a particular type of immune cell, the regulatory T cell, in this phenomenon across species. ...the latest ideas in locomotion research, with particular reference to the dog... and the cockroach!

...l>One of the B-group vitamins essential for normal function of the nervous system.</small> ...l>One of the B-group vitamins essential for normal function of the nervous system and in skin and coat health. </small>

[[Image:Lymphangiectasia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Endoscopy of a dog with lymphangiectasia, showing protrusion of lipid droplets into the intest ...]]. Antibiotics are thought to have effects on both the intestinal immune system and the normal enteric flora.

[[File:Dog teeth occlusion 2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Occlusal assessment – mandibular ...iral Infections|respiratory viruses]], [[:Category:Immunological Disorders|immune mediated conditions]] etc. Although questions related to feeding and diet m

Normal values: <4.2minutes in the dog; <3.3minutes in the cat. ...will have an effect, clotting would be expected within 13 minutes for the dog and 8 minutes for the cat

...reproductive or neuter status, activity level (e.g. sedentary vs. working dog), and environment (e.g. indoor vs. outdoor, kennel/cattery vs. a home) and ...regular basis, with 40% receiving no walks at all<ref>Christian NE, et al. Dog ownership and physical activity: A review of the evidence. J Phys Act Healt

...layers to visualise blood supply, internal organs and the musculoskeletal system. This is a must see for any vet student - and anybody else who loves cows f '''3D Dog'''<br>

...quire very frequent treatment, then placement of a '''sub-palpebral lavage system''' can be very useful. As an adjunct to therapy, physical protection of the ...tment (topical or systemic) with corticosteroids. Steroids also reduce the immune defences of the eye, so just in case you forgot...

...ly, the microbiota can activate the innate immune system including mucosal immune cells within gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and produce defensive me ...MC Vet Res'' 2021; 17:112</ref>Interestingly, antibiotic resistance in the dog microbiome appears to be more common against clinical antibiotics, in contr

This is available on automated haematology analysers using, a laser detection system in a flow cytometer, to measure the size and internal complexity of cells, ...locytes x RBC count (x 1012/l) x 10. An absolute reticulocyte count in the dog >60 x 109/l and in the cat >50 x 109/l is indicative of mildregeneration.

...f the peritoneal cavity. Septic peritonitis is the most common form in the dog and its causes include: ...le should be re-aspirated as its continued presence will hinder the immune system by diluting bactericidal factor and preventing leucocyte migration.

===Dog=== Lymphoma is one of the prevalent neoplasms in the dog. The incidence is about 28 per 100,000 dogs. Blood of affected dogs shows n

...Whether type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with a similar misdirected immune response is not yet clear in small animals with several studies giving conf ...ood that reduce the effective concentration of insulin - This is a form of immune-mediated disease that has no apparent initiating factor.

...into the circulation. When a mosquito takes a blood meal from the infected dog or cat, microfilariae are ingested. Mosquitoes are true intermediate hosts Heartworm disease primarily affects the cardiopulmonary system and the severity and extent of lesions depends on several factors. These in

*#* However, in young animals the immune system may still be immature. * Axons in the peripheral nervous system can regenerate to a limited extent when severed.

** Can be eliminated by the immune system. * The '''TNM system''' is may be used.

...ells for virus replication, and so FIV disrupts the function of the immune system. FIV gains entry to the cell via feline CD134, a surface molecule, and uses ...kaemia Virus|feline leukaemia virus]] infection, [[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|toxoplasmosis]] and the [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|dry form of FIP]]<s

...00) '''Conversion of essential fatty acids by delta-6 desaturase enzyme in dog liver microsomes. '''''J Nutr ''2000;132:1701S-1703S.</ref> Dogs have the a ...1997)''' The ratio of dietary (n-6) to (n-3) fatty acids influences immune system function, eicosanoid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and vitamin E status in