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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

|pagetitle =Normal Values ...emistry and physiological parameters. Parameters given for haematology and biochemistry are a guide - a definitive reference range will be specific to the laborato

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

*'''For more information on the normal anatomy of the eye, see''' [[Snake Eye]]. ...rd and Snake Haematology|haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]] is advisable.

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges !bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

It also occurs in normal rabbits that are '''improperly handled''' without controlling the hindquart The rabbit will be '''alert and responsive''' with a normal mentation and '''normal forelimbs'''.

...uarantine period and at regular intervals. Quarantine allows you to record normal patterns of eating, defaecating, weight gain and behaviour for each individ ...rd and Snake Haematology|Haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]] to establish a minimum data base.

...ed. Plasma biochemistry shows a raised blood glucose level of 16.2 mmol/l (normal reference range 4.2–8.3 mmol/l).''' ...rine sample in the rabbit’s normal environment to rule out stress factors. Normal fructosamine values have yet to be evaluated in rabbits, although work has

*'''For information on normal snake anatomy, [[:Category:Snake Anatomy|see here]].''' ...logy because of the radiographic appearance. Additionally, haematology and biochemistry, fine needle aspiration, contrast radiography, ultrasonography, endoscopy,

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Biochemistry Reference Ranges]]

...factor in many cases of hyperlipaemia but affected animals may aslo have a normal insulin response. ===Biochemistry===

===Biochemistry=== ...nic cases where active damage is no longer occurring, liver enzymes may be normal.

[[Category:Blood Biochemistry Changes]]

==Biochemistry== ...eral excision there is a risk of recurrence (even if the other gland looks normal) and with bilateral excision there is a risk of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidi

*Increased post-prandial bile acid concentration may be a normal finding in '''Maltese terriers'''. [[Category:Blood Biochemistry Changes]]

The normal packed cell volume of a snake ranges between 20% and 30%. The blood volume ...ard and Snake Haemotology|haematology]] or [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]].'''

====Biochemistry==== ...erase (ALT), Normally to slightly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Normal to slightly increased total bilirubin concentration

...sounds were noted during inspiration and expiration; the heart sounds were normal. Cutaneous ecchymoses were noted on the ventral and lateral aspects of the ...nia, as well as signs of infection or inflammation in the leukogram. Serum biochemistry and urinalysis should be performed to evaluate liver function (production o

===Biochemistry=== If renal disease is present, an azotaemia will be present on biochemistry.

===Haematology and Biochemistry=== Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionat

...ood pH changes. Albumin has a circulating half-life of 17-19 days and its normal serum concentration is 25-40 g/l. ...sis of albumin may be reduced or it may be lost in greater quantities than normal:

...onkey foot radiograph.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Radiograph of a normal foot (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey ...of the distal phalanx may be below the upper limit of the hoof capsule in normal feet - interpret radiographs accordingly

Routine hamatology and biochemistry are often unremarkable in cats with EPI. ...tivity]] assay ('''fTLI'''). The values are greatly reduced as compared to normal animals. Values '''<8µg/l''' in cats are considered diagnostic. This test

...(Copyright © RVC)]][[Image:Kidney.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Histology of a normal iguana kidney. Note the clearly distinct cells of the glomerulus''' (Copyri *[[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] - inverse [[Calcium - Reptiles|calcium]] to [[Phosphorus - Reptiles|phosp

...rd and Snake Haemotology|haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]] values of 'normals' must be established per patient and per laboratory. I ==Normal haematology & plasma biochemistry values in the [[Green Iguana|green iguana]] (''Iguana iguana'')==

...pressure of blood. Antibodies migrate primarily in the gamma fraction. In normal reptiles, total protein (TP) values generally vary between 30–80 g/l; hyp ...vitellin, in the blood. Following ovulation the protein level returns to normal. Pathological increases in TP are usually associated with either dehydratio

...cases, [[Calcium - Reptiles|calcium]] and phosphate levels usually appear normal. *Biochemistry - [[Calcium - Reptiles|calcium]] is generally within normal limits but may be low, especially in neurological cases; the calcifediol as

Small quantities of conjugated bilirubin are found in the urine of normal dogs because it has a low renal threshold. [[Category:Blood Biochemistry Changes]]

!align="left"|Biochemistry |A normal sample is required for comparison

...gradient of 64 mmHg according to the modified Bernoulli equation (4 × v2). Normal velocity is <2.0 m/s, so there is evidence of moderate aortic stenosis. Thi ...hromboembolic disorders) include evaluation of laboratory parameters (CBC, biochemistry panel, and urinalysis), thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, urinaly

...rium necrophorum]]'', a gram-negative obligate anaerobe and a component of normal rumenal microflora. ''[[Arcanobacter pyogenes]]'', [[:Category:Staphylococc ...or determining the location and size of the abscesses and prognosis. Serum biochemistry may reveal a neutrophilic leucocytosis and increased serum globulin and fib

For normal physiology values in horses, click [[Equine Section - WikiNormals|here]]. ...interpreted with other diagnostic tests such as fecal samples, hematology, biochemistry and blood cultures.

...x (testing optic nerve function) and facial nerve function are found to be normal. * Aside from the normal history, there are several very important questions to be asked:

====Biochemistry==== ...omach. The pH in affected animals will be persistently lower than that of normal animals.

...blood gas analysis and electrolyte levels. For normal horse hematology and biochemistry values click [[Equine Section - WikiNormals|here]]. ...d as a prognostic indicator. Blood levels between 1-2mmol/L are considered normal, while levels above 5.7mmol/L suggest hypoperfusion secondary to dehydratio

...of SLE is made on a combination of clinical findings, haemotologic, serum biochemistry and immunological testing results. Diagnosis can be '''challenging''' as th '''Haematology and biochemistry''' may reveal: anaemia with or without a positive direct [[Coagulation Test

====Biochemistry==== Changes on biochemistry mainly reflect the loss of lymph into the intestine:

...cortisol concentration''' can be measured but there is a wide variation in normal values and it is not useful in diagnosing the condition. ...a small degree of suppression in cortisol levels, but not to the level of normal horses, and levels also rebound more quickly.

...early decompensatory shock; 8% dehydrated by skin turgor, dry MM/corneas. Biochemistry laboratory abnormalities: BUN = 28.5 mmol/l (80 mg/dl); creatinine = 177 μ ...Monitor: urine sediment for increasing presence of casts; glycosuria with normal blood glucose; increasing BUN and/or creatinine (occurs later than urine ch

Biochemistry: Ultrasonographically, liver may be normal or non specific changes in echogenecity may be seen in early stages of the

...lood biochemistry profiles are highly suggestive. '''Hypercalcaemia with a normal to low serum phosphorus and a low urine specific gravity''' are fairly cons ...idism''', but only in animals with normal renal function, i.e., those with normal creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. A '''high PTH assay along with high cre

<u>Biochemistry findings</u>: ...nt and should be monitored 2-3 times a day. Potassium and phosphate may be normal or elevated on admission, but drop rapidly once therapy is initiated.

...ifolius'' (Lupins) and [[Blue-Green Algae Toxicity|Blue-green algae]]. The normal conjugation and excretion of phylloerythrin (a breakdown product of chlorop ..., GGT, SDH and ALT) but bilirubin and bile acid concentrations are usually normal. Ultrasonography may provide additional diagnostic information.

...ladder is resistant to bacterial infection, but anything that disrupts the normal passage of urine can damage and lead to irritation of the bladder wall lini ...w clumps of [[lymphocytes]] just beneath the epithelial layer which may be normal or ulcerated.

It is recommended that total T4 (TT4), haematology and biochemistry are assessed 2-3 weeks after starting therapy or any dose alteration until Ideally, the normal daily feeding and medication regime should be maintained on the day of test

...izard Dysecdysis|Dysecdysis]] - retained skin is often dry and brown while normal ecdysis occurring in a piecemeal fashion is flexible and transparent. Retai '''For more information on normal lizard skin anatomy, see''' [[Lizard Integument|Lizard Integument]].

Treatment involves restoring serum calcium levels back to normal as soon as possible, to avoid complications such as nerve and muscle damage '''Haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis '''

Additionally a biochemistry profile may suggest hepatotoxicity with raised Alanine transaminase (ALT), ...ctional phosphorylation of cellular keratins, leading to disruption of the normal cytoskeleton. This in turn leads to a "rounding up" effect of the hepatocyt

The animal should be walked or observed to walk on a non-slippery surface. A normal gait requires the '''integration of proprioceptive and motor systems'''. Th ...deficit in conscious proprioception, but a failure to return the paw to a normal position may also be caused by a LMN denervation of the digit extensors or

==General biochemistry references== Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6th Edition (2008) Eds Kaneko JJ et al. Academic Press

...sphere and passing them to the [[Snake Special Senses|Jacobson's organ]]. Normal movement should be observed although allowances must be made for any chilli ...function are assessed by observing the snake's reaction to movement and by normal and co-ordinated eye movements. Strabismus may indicated dysfunction. Bul

...stimulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to try to maintain normal blood calcium levels and, in ~10% dogs with renal failure, hypercalaemia ma ...bolic acidosis''' - The kidney plays a vital role in the regulation of the normal acid/base balance.

...rd and Snake Haematology|haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]], [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiography]] and biopsy. This section will ...opsies is often essential for diagnosis. Samples taken should include both normal and abnormal tissue. The same procedure is used for collection of tissues f

...periods of starvation, hepatic gluconeogenesis can support maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations in adult animals as long as adequate amounts o ...he normal laboratory reference interval (< 5 mmol/L) may be noted on serum biochemistry profiles.

====Biochemistry==== ...changes to intestinal wall structure, including thickening without loss of normal layers (as with inflammatory bowel disease), thickening with loss of layers

There is considerable overlap between basal cortisol levels in normal dogs and those with HAC. A single basal cortisol is not recommended as a sc ...ult. A morning urine sample is collected in the animal’s home environment. Normal dogs have a UCCR less than 30 x 106.

* The body's energy utilisation can increase to around 250% of the normal value during a generalised seizure. ** Serum biochemistry

===Biochemistry=== ...operitoneum''') due to intestinal perforation or bacterial production. The normal serosal detail may be effaced due to the presence of an abdominal effusion

...ls have the inclusion bodies so it is worthwhile doing a buffy coat smear. Biochemistry may show changes in liver parameters.

...e abnormalities. When thyroid disease is suspected routine haematology and biochemistry screens are recommended to eliminate other conditions which may produce sim ...d be withdrawn for 4-6 weeks prior to testing, but as noted above a valid ‘normal’ result could be obtained at any point prior to this.

...is is therefore less closely associated with obesity and it may be seen in normal or even thin cats. In dogs, this secondary lipid accumulation rarely contri ==== Biochemistry ====

'''Serum biochemistry''' may indicate the following abnormalities: '''Ultrasound''' may reveal a smaller than normal liver with a loss of parenchymal structure and enlarged bile ducts. In seve

...eria or a heavy bacterial load increase the risk of cardiac infection, and normal valves can be invaded by virulent bacteria. Bacteremia is essential for the ::Biochemistry - [[Hypoalbuminaemia]] and hypoglycaemia.

...en have unusual or individual preferences, so establish from the owner the normal feed and routine, as well as any likes or dislikes. Check if the donkey is ...the donkey has settled, take a blood sample for routine '''haematology and biochemistry'''. This is particularly important if the donkey is admitted for surgery or

:*Where conditions eliciting fear or anxiety are unavoidable in normal life. ...amination as well as blood tests. For a cat, a complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile and urinalysis, ideally with culture and sensitivity form a complet

Routine haematology and biochemistry are usually within normal limits, and there is little evidence to support the use of serum and intrad ...with eosinophilic pneumonitis, fungal pneumonia, or lungworm infestation. Normal horses have fewer than 10% neutrophils in BALF. Cytology of bronchoalveolar

...r>The prevalence of the disease in fat and obese animals is higher than in normal and thin animals, due to higher body fat reserves and to increased insulin [[Image:Normal liver donkey.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<small><center>Normal liver (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donke

...the normal laboratory reference interval (<5 mmol/L) will be seen on serum biochemistry profiles.

A normal ECG does not rule out the presence of DCM, but is the test of choice for de Changes on serum biochemistry analysis may include [[azotemia]], this is common in dogs receiving diureti

...an also demonstrate mites microscopically. As mites are often residents in normal skin, detecting mites on a skin scrape may not always provide a definitive Haematology and Biochemistry may be useful in identifying an underlying cause in adult onset demodicosis

...umscribed mass''' that may be hyperaemic, alopecic, ulcerated or look like normal skin. They may also appear as a '''poorly-defined, soft, fluctuant lesion'' '''Complete haematology and biochemistry''', urinalysis and faecal occult blood test should be performed to check fo

...th cats and dogs as a sequel to any disease or lesion that interferes with normal defecation: faecal retention causes dilatation of the colon and impairs col After megacolon has persisted for several months, it is unlikely that normal colonic motility will be restored after resolution of the underlying cause.

Biochemistry ...ks.aspx Animations for Biology and Biochemistry]Website provides links for biochemistry and biology movies, animations and interactive tutorials.

...d during the third trimester are less severely affected and tend to appear normal at birth. However, signs may develop months to years later, and can include Changes in routine haematology and biochemistry may be seen in acute toxoplasmosis. These can include a mild anaemia and le

...h time. In between hypoglycaemic episodes, the animals often appear to be normal. Hypoglycaemic episodes may occur shortly after feeding (as insulin secreti ====Biochemistry====

====Biochemistry==== ...concentration may also be elevated as the kidneys receive less oxygen than normal causing a pre-renal azotaemia. A similar process of tissue hypoxia may also

...telline and cardinal systems after birth, a PSS develops. However, in the normal animal, there are numerous non-functional connections between the two syste ...ocytosis, bacteremia, and portal vein partial oxygen tension in clinically normal dogs and dogs with portosystemic shunts.''' ''J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 Sep

...arches or sugars, '''hepatic gluconeogenesis''' can support maintenance of normal blood glucose levels, gluconeogenic amino acids and glycerol in dogs<ref>Ro ...tions below the normal laboratory reference interval will be seen on serum biochemistry profiles.

..., it was found that there was a large overlap in bacterial numbers between normal dogs and those with ARD, suggesting that the syndrome resulted either from ...11;158(10):334-41.''</ref>. Since German shepherd dogs were found to have normal numbers of IgA positive plasma cells in the GALT<ref>German AJ, Hall EJ, Da

...or life. Apart from occasional retinal dysplasia, these cats are otherwise normal and healthy and are said to make good pets. ...yte]] counts are usually between 500 and 3000 cells per decilitre. Routine biochemistry is not associated with any specific changes.

...ulse quality varies excessively with respiration). During inspiration, the normal negative thoracic pressure is transmitted to the pericardium and right atri ''Biochemistry'':

* Further investigation through haematology, biochemistry or imaging techniques, as required. ...ith chronic diarrhoea. However, the choice of location will still fit with normal defecation.

...ipation/obstipation, dyschezia and tenesmus result from alterations to the normal contours of the rectum, including deviations or flexures, sacculations (uni ====Biochemistry====

...ic dermatitis as IgE levels do not significantly differ between atopic and normal animals². IgE levels are also influenced by the presence of para Several factors exist that in normal dogs may by insufficient to cause pruritus. However, when these occur at th

...and/or indications of dehydration (e.g. increased urea and creatinine) on biochemistry. Secondary complications such as pre-renal azotaemia are possible. ...vitamin K epoxide reductase antagonism, these measures are usually within normal limits.

...fied or extracted form, administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function with the intent of improving the health and wel ...and [3H]MDL 105,519 to glutamate receptors. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 66, 2683– 2686.</ref>.

...ia and [[icterus]], and [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]] may cause low to low normal serum calcium. A mild proteinuria and bilirubinuria are often revealed by u

::Well differentiated (lymphocytic) - The malignant cells represent normal lymphocytes, although in excessive numbers. ::Diffuse - Result in effacement of normal lymphoid architecture by a very homogeneous population of lymphoid cells.

The ECG of infected dogs is usually normal. Right ventricular hypertrophy patterns may be seen in chronic ,severe pulm ...and urinalysis''' should be performed. Most parameters are usually within normal limits, but an anaemia can often be seen. Eosinophilia and basophilia are a

...e of the animal body and the way in which it works. Animals encountered in normal veterinary practice are used as examples where possible. The material is di A video showing a normal palpebral reflex in a dog