Difference between revisions of "Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology"

From WikiVet English
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Redirected page to Category:Pneumonia)
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
#REDIRECT[[:Category:Pneumonia]]
+
[[Pneumonia Overview]]
 +
 
 +
==Pneumonia  - Introduction and Classification==
 +
[[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
*Pneumonia
 +
**Inflammation that takes place in the '''alveoli and their walls'''
 +
**Can be grouped either according to
 +
***Nature of the inflammatory process
 +
***Aetiological agent
 +
***Pattern of the lesion
 +
 
 +
*Patterns of lung inflammation vary depending on the aetiology, route and method of exposure and multiple host factors including age, general health, and immune status
 +
**There are five general patterns of pneumonia:
 +
***[[Bronchopneumonia]]
 +
***[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]
 +
***[[Lobar Pneumonia]]
 +
***[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]
 +
***[[Embolic Pneumonia]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Bronchopneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Lobar Pneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Embolic Pneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Granulomatous Pneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==='''[[Verminous Pneumonia]]'''===
 +
 
 +
==Stages of pneumonia==
 +
[[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
[[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia - gross.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
*Regardless of the pattern, all pneumonias pass through three stages:
 +
**'''Exudative phase'''
 +
***In this initial stage inflammatory exudate pours into alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries are congested
 +
***Type I alveolar epithelial cells are highly sensitive to injury and cannot proliferate in response to injury
 +
***Necrosis and sloughing of injured type I cells, denuding alveolar spaces of lining epithelium
 +
***[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] begin to enter alveolar spaces distended with inflammatory oedema
 +
**'''Proliferative phase'''
 +
***Type II alveolar cells (less sensitive to and can proliferate in response to injury) begin to proliferate within 24 hours and eventually line the alveolar walls denuded of type I cells ***By 6 days cuboidal type II cells can completely line the alveoli
 +
***Proliferation of type II cells marks the shift from the exudative to the proliferative stage of pneumonia, also heralded by decreased blood flow in alveolar capillaries
 +
***Because the original squamous type I cells have been replaced by cuboidal type II cells, the microscopic appearance of pneumonic lungs at about 1 week has been described as “alveolar epithelialization”, “alveolar adenomatosis”, or “bronchiolisation of alveoli”
 +
**'''Repair phase'''
 +
***Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==[[Pulmonary abscesses]]==
 +
 
 +
=='''Infectious causes of pneumonia'''==
 +
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
 +
| .
 +
| [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
 +
| [[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections|'''BACTERIAL''']]
 +
| [[:Category:Respiratory Fungal Infections|'''FUNGAL''']]
 +
| [[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections|'''PARASITIC''']]
 +
|-
 +
| '''Dogs'''
 +
| [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine distemper]]
 +
| usually secondary
 +
| [[Blastomycosis|''Blastomyces dermatitidis'']]
 +
| [[Angiostrongylus vasorum|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
 +
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]], [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococci]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]], Coliforms''
 +
| [[Histoplasmosis|''Histoplasma capsulatum'']]
 +
| ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Herpes virus]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| '''Cats'''
 +
| [[Feline Calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]]
 +
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella sp.]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococcus spp.]]''
 +
| .
 +
| ''[[Aelurostrongylus abstrusus]]''
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Chlamydiosis, Feline|Feline chlamydiosis]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| '''Horses'''
 +
| [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|Equine rhinopneumonitis]]
 +
| [[Strangles|Strangles]]
 +
| [[Pneumocystis carinii|''Pneumocystis carinii'']]
 +
| ''[[Parascaris equorum]]''
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Equine Influenza|Equine influenza]]
 +
| [[Glanders|Glanders]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Equine Viral Arteritis|Equine viral arteritis]]
 +
| [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| '''Cattle'''
 +
| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
 +
| [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
 +
| .
 +
| ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis|Pneumonic pasteurellosis]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Acute Exudative Pneumonia|Acute exudative pneumonia]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|''Mycoplasmal'' pneumonia]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Tuberculosis - Cattle|''Mycobacterium bovis'' - tuberculosis]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella sp.'']], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| '''Sheep'''
 +
| [[Visna-Maedi Virus|Maedi Visna]]
 +
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
 +
| .
 +
| [[Muellerius|''Muellerius capillaris'']]
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
 +
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs|Enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]
 +
| [[Melioidosis|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| '''Pigs'''
 +
| [[Porcine Cytomegalovirus|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
 +
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
 +
| .
 +
| [[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]
 +
| [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome|Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome]]
 +
| [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Porcine Circoviruses|Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome]]
 +
| [[Pasteurellosis - Pigs|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| [[Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus|Porcine respiratory coronavirus]]
 +
| [[Contagious Porcine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Glasser's Disease|Glasser's disease]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| [[Atrophic Rhinitis|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
| bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella'' spp.]], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'', also [[:Category:Streptococcus species |''Streptococcus'' spp.]], [[Tuberculosis - Pigs|Tuberculosis]]
 +
| .
 +
| .
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=='''Other forms of pneumonia'''==
 +
[[Image:Acute necrotising pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
===[[Aspiration Pneumonia]]===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Gangrenous pneumonia]]===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Lipid pneumonia===
 +
[[Image:Lipid pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Lipid pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
*Associated with inhalation of oil, paraffin, etc.
 +
*Reaction dominated by macrophages which fill the alveoli and interstitial thickening (mononuclear cells and fibrosis)
 +
*Tends to acumulate in ventral regions bilterally
 +
*Occurs subclinically in cats, sometimes dogs, unrelated to aspiration
 +
*Gross lesion:
 +
**Multifocal, firm, white nodules
 +
*Microscopic lesions:
 +
**Macrophages full of lipid forming foam within alveoli
 +
**Interstitial lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Pneumonia]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Uraemic pneumonia===
 +
*Severe uraemia causes increased permeability of the blood-air barrier and therefore can cause [[Pulmonary Oedema|pulmonary oedema]]
 +
*In addition to the oedema, there may also be degeneration and calcification of smooth muscle and connective tissue fibres
 +
*Lungs do not collapse on opening the thorax in severe cases
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Pneumonia]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Foetal pneumonia===
 +
*Especially foals and farm species
 +
*Due to aspiration of amniotic fluid contaminated with meconium and bacteria
 +
**Secondary to fetal distress
 +
**Microscopic lesions of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]]
 +
**Involves all lobes (versus postnatal bronchopneumonia)
 +
*Haematogenous spread
 +
**Causes [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]]
 +
**Often caused by ''Listeria monocytogenes'', ''Salmonella'' spp. or ''Chlamydia psittaci''
 +
*In viral abortions
 +
**Cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 +
**E.g.: [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|IBR]], [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|PI-3]] and [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|equine viral rhinopneumonitis]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Pneumonia]]
 +
 
 +
=Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards=
 +
 
 +
[[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]

Revision as of 18:20, 19 February 2011

Pneumonia Overview

Pneumonia - Introduction and Classification

Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Pneumonia
    • Inflammation that takes place in the alveoli and their walls
    • Can be grouped either according to
      • Nature of the inflammatory process
      • Aetiological agent
      • Pattern of the lesion


Bronchopneumonia

Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia

Lobar Pneumonia

Interstitial Pneumonia

Embolic Pneumonia

Granulomatous Pneumonia

Verminous Pneumonia

Stages of pneumonia

Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Regardless of the pattern, all pneumonias pass through three stages:
    • Exudative phase
      • In this initial stage inflammatory exudate pours into alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries are congested
      • Type I alveolar epithelial cells are highly sensitive to injury and cannot proliferate in response to injury
      • Necrosis and sloughing of injured type I cells, denuding alveolar spaces of lining epithelium
      • Neutrophils begin to enter alveolar spaces distended with inflammatory oedema
    • Proliferative phase
      • Type II alveolar cells (less sensitive to and can proliferate in response to injury) begin to proliferate within 24 hours and eventually line the alveolar walls denuded of type I cells ***By 6 days cuboidal type II cells can completely line the alveoli
      • Proliferation of type II cells marks the shift from the exudative to the proliferative stage of pneumonia, also heralded by decreased blood flow in alveolar capillaries
      • Because the original squamous type I cells have been replaced by cuboidal type II cells, the microscopic appearance of pneumonic lungs at about 1 week has been described as “alveolar epithelialization”, “alveolar adenomatosis”, or “bronchiolisation of alveoli”
    • Repair phase
      • Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells


Pulmonary abscesses

Infectious causes of pneumonia

. VIRAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL PARASITIC
Dogs Canine distemper usually secondary Blastomyces dermatitidis Angiostrongylus vasorum
. Infectious canine tracheitis bronchopneumonia: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Coliforms Histoplasma capsulatum Toxoplasma gondii
. Herpes virus . . .
Cats Feline calicivirus bronchopneumonia: Pasteurella sp., Streptococcus spp. . Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
. . Feline chlamydiosis . .
Horses Equine rhinopneumonitis Strangles Pneumocystis carinii Parascaris equorum
. Equine influenza Glanders . .
. Equine viral arteritis Rhodococcus equi . .
Cattle Parainfluenza- 3 Necrotic Laryngitis . Dictyocaulus viviparus
. . Pneumonic pasteurellosis . .
. . Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia . .
. . Enzootic pneumonia of calves . .
. . Acute exudative pneumonia . .
. . Mycoplasmal pneumonia . .
. . Mycobacterium bovis - tuberculosis . .
. . bronchopneumonia: Pasteurella sp., Corynebacterium pyogenes . .
Sheep Maedi Visna bronchopneumonia: Corynebacterium pyogenes . Muellerius capillaris
. Parainfluenza- 3 Enzootic pneumonia of lambs . .
. Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei . .
Pigs Inclusion body rhinitis Enzootic pneumonia of pigs . Ascaris suum
. Swine influenza Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae . .
. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Necrotic Laryngitis . .
. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome Pasteurella multocida . .
. Porcine respiratory coronavirus Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia . .
. . Glasser's disease . .
. . Bordetella bronchiseptica . .
. . bronchopneumonia: Pasteurella spp., Corynebacterium pyogenes, also Streptococcus spp., Tuberculosis . .


Other forms of pneumonia

Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)

Aspiration Pneumonia

Gangrenous pneumonia

Lipid pneumonia

Lipid pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Associated with inhalation of oil, paraffin, etc.
  • Reaction dominated by macrophages which fill the alveoli and interstitial thickening (mononuclear cells and fibrosis)
  • Tends to acumulate in ventral regions bilterally
  • Occurs subclinically in cats, sometimes dogs, unrelated to aspiration
  • Gross lesion:
    • Multifocal, firm, white nodules
  • Microscopic lesions:
    • Macrophages full of lipid forming foam within alveoli
    • Interstitial lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, fibrosis


Uraemic pneumonia

  • Severe uraemia causes increased permeability of the blood-air barrier and therefore can cause pulmonary oedema
  • In addition to the oedema, there may also be degeneration and calcification of smooth muscle and connective tissue fibres
  • Lungs do not collapse on opening the thorax in severe cases


Foetal pneumonia

Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards

Lungs Pathology Flashcards

Retrieved from "https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Lungs_Inflammatory_-_Pathology&oldid=108346"