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*#* End-stage [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] disease (horse) *#* Seen in the dog, foal, and sometimes in the cat

*Rare cause of chronic [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure in young dogs ...cific reaction pattern in neonatal/juvenile [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] .

Lysosomal storage diseases occur due to inherited deficiencies of various lysosomal enzymes and this m There are a large number of different lysosomal storage diseases in dogs and cats categorised according to the product which accumulates wit

...r via rupture and transabdominal spread. Metastatic sites include, lungs, liver, omentum, diaphragm and less commonly brain. Surgery is the treatment of ch ...ch as anorexia, lethargy, weakness, [[vomiting]] and [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] are common.

...aracteristic multinodular gross appearance of this condition. Overall, the liver is smaller than normal and firm to cut, firmness is due to the presence of *[[Liver Fibrosis|Fibrosis]]

|X = a good beginning to the work-up of a case [[File:Canine Infectious Diseases Q2.PNG|centre]]

...increased deposition of extracellular matrix in the liver, following injury-induced activation of [[Hepatic Stellate Cells|stellate cells]]. ...ted with chronic passive congestion due to long-term [[Heart Failure, Right-Sided|right sided congestive heart failure]].

[[Image:2000px-Coagulation full svg.png|right|thumb|325px|<p>'''Coagulation Cascade''' Sour This condition is seen in the dog, most frequently in Scottish Terriers and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. It has

*Liver disease. *Infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal) and post-infectious immunologic reactions.

Also known as: '''''CAV-1 — Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus — ICH virus''''' ...e³. It has also since been demonstrated that CAV1 has a role in diseases other than [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], such as [[Canine Infectious Tra

...own as: '''''Lymphocytic-plasmacytic cholangitis —Cholangiohepatitis — Non-suppurative cholangitis''''' ...holangitis does not progress to biliary [[Cirrhosis|cirrhosis]]. An immune-mediated aetiology has been postulated but this has not been substantiated t

...ography''': will detect radiolucent calculi and enables examination of the liver parenchyma. Carlyle, T. (1997) '''Veterinary pathology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

[[File:Canine Infectious Diseases Q5.PNG|centre]] ...bdominal palpation revealed a tense but not obviously painful abdomen. The dog had a BCS of 4/9 (30 kg).'''

[[File:Canine Infectious Diseases Q6.PNG|centre]] ...eventive treatment for parasites was unknown. On physical examination, the dog was lethargic with normal vital signs. On auscultation of the thorax, sligh

|X = an interesting diagnosis and work-up. [[File:Canine Infectious Diseases Q4.PNG|centre]]

...and mucous membranes in life and in the tunica intima of the aorta at post-mortem examination. ===Pre-hepatic Jaundice===

...[[Liver Fibrosis|fibrosis]] (1). It predominantly consists of lymphocytic-plasmacytic inflammatory infiltration, and the disease process typically inv *Common in dogs, especially young to middle-aged dogs.

...e thoracic cavity. Two types of hiatal hernia have been recognised in the dog and cat: ...us of the diaphragm. This is the most common form and it can occur in the dog and cat as a congenital or acquired lesion. Congenital hernias result from

...r inappropriate response by the immune system to dietary, bacterial or self-antigens. IBD is a diagnosis of exclusion. Other differential diagnoses ha Affects the cat, dog and horse. No sex or breed or age predispositions exist.

[[File:Canine Infectious Diseases Q3.PNG|centre]] ...f 5.6 × 109/l (RI 0–0.5 × 109/l). On abdominal ultrasound examination, the liver was of normal size and echogenicity. The gallbladder was not enlarged. No a

...portal areas of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and into the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology #Hepatic Duct Systems|bile ducts]]. It results from ...ogs. Cats of all breeds and ages can be affected, but often young to middle-aged cats. Male cats are more at risk.

...of the heart. The venous obstruction causes increased pressure within the liver allowing for fluid and protein to leak out of the hepatic sinusoids into th '''Blood tests''' may reveal elevated liver enzymes and the presence of a [[Stress Leukogram|stress leukogram]]. If asc

...gh metastatic rate to regional lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and omentum. 60% of insulinomas are carcinomas, which are more likely to ...tion occurs less commonly in cats. Older cattle may rarely develop insulin-secreting tumours.

...ose red blood cells in cases of [[Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia|immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia]]. The major causes of monocytosis are: ...ding chronic bacterial infections and chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver ([[Hepatitis, Chronic|chronic hepatitis]] and [[Cholangitis|cholangitis]])

Also known as: '''''Pericardio-Peritoneo-Diaphragmatic Hernia — PPDH — Pericardiopaeritoneal (Diaphragmatic) Hern ...ties, abdominal organs are able to move '''into the pericardial sac'''. '''Liver''' is most commonly herniated, followed by small intestine, spleen and stom

Also known as: '''''Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ...''']]. Gastrinomas have often metastasised to local lymph nodes or to the liver at the time of diagnosis.

...es, toxic insults, nutritional deficiencies and through the action of micro-organisms. Despite many types of injury that the liver is subjected to, the resultant necrosis occurs in one of three patterns:

[[Image:stomach diaphragmatic hernia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Post-mortem image of displacement of the stomach into the thorax through a diaphr ...ans may move into the thorax, of which the most commonly herniated are the liver and small intestine. In some cases, the stomach may be displaced into the

...sis and cholecystitis in a dog''' ''J Small Anim Pract. 1998 Nov;39(11):541-4.''</ref>. ...l bladder torsion and rupture in a dog.''' ''Aust Vet J. 2007 Jun;85(6):226-31.''</ref>.

...ith PSS, ammonia is not removed from the portal blood as this bypasses the liver, leading to an increase in its blood concentration. For ammonia generation ...ionine in the colon which are usually removed from the portal blood in the liver.

.... The disease often progresses with renal and hepatic involvement. The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chron ...ence and incidence of disease in the UK but in some areas the disease is re-emerging as owners decide not to vaccinate due to the reduced risk. Serovars

:[[L-Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT)]] Recto-Anal Pathology

# A more solitary lesion that is seen as a thick plaque-like lesion ...- Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], lung, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|adrenal glands]].

[[File:Dog teeth occlusion 2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Occlusal assessment – mandibular ...whole animal''', even when the primary complaint is the mouth. Some dental diseases may be the result of a systemic problem and some may result in systemic com

....5% of all canine tumours and 1.0-2.9% of all feline tumours. However, the liver is a common site for the establishment of metastatic tumours due to its ric ...ut benign neoplasia are more common in cats. Primary tumours found in the liver include:

'''Drugs and toxins''' including L-asparginase, oestrogen, azathioprine, potassium bromide, furosemide, thiazid ...e pancreatic duct, surgical intervention, [[shock]], [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]], venous occlusion and hypotension.

...ted lymphoid tissue (MALT)]] response to luminal bacterial, dietary or self-antigens. ...ology|colon]]. In severely affected animals, this will result in a protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).

...appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptation. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15:153-168.</ref>. ...Physiology|liver]] where it is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). '''Liver is the primary storage site of Vitamin A'''. Retinol bound to RBP is releas

...liver]], where it undergoes the first of two hydroxylation steps. From the liver, vitamin D is then transported to the [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiolog ...ed by an inhibitor of 7-dehydrocalciferol-Δ7 reductase. J Nutr 1999;129:903-909.</ref>.

...raneoplastic hypercalcaemia due to parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rP). The tumours can be between 1 and 10cm in size and 50% of them will meta ...sed [[Canine Breeds - WikiNormals|dog breeds]] include the German shepherd dog, cocker spaniel, welsh spaniel and standard dachshund.

...ocarditis.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>'''Vegetative endocarditis (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]] ...ent bacteria. Bacteremia is essential for the development of endocarditis. Diseases that impair immune responses or cause hypercoagulability or endothelial dis

...gm. It passes over the dorsal border of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] then joins the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] at :Dog and ruminant = 100%

...d metabolism to its '''active form, pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)'''. In the liver PLP is bound to [[albumin]] and then transported to target tissues. Large c ...pects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p. 511-518.</ref>.

...in''' and may occasionally involve '''internal viscera such as the spleen, liver and intestine'''. Mast cell tumours are the '''most common cutaneous tumour in the dog''', primarily a disease of older dogs. Boxers, Labrador Retrievers, Beagles

[[Image:Pericarditis-histo.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>'''Pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A ...t, causing inflammatory fluid to gather in the pericardial sac. As with non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, the main complica

...however the pancreas is also a site for metastasis from particularly gastro-intestinal neoplasms. Primary tumours include: ...lar hyperplasia]] which frequently occurs in older dogs and cats and is non-significant.

Also known as: '''''Extra-hepatic Biliary Tract Obstruction — EHBO ...lecular Pathogenesis|cholestasis]] and [[Icterus#Post-hepatic Jaundice|post-hepatic jaundice]]. If the obstruction is not relieved, the biliary tract m

...elets. Infections, neoplasia and [[Immune Mediated Thrombocytopaenia|immune-mediated thrombocytopaenia]] (ITP) are common causes of thrombocytopaenia, w ...mps have formed. The normal blood platelet concentration of the dog is 175-500x10^9; a tendency to bleed following an insult such as venepuncture can b

...is a round or oval punched out lesion of the gastric mucosa ranging from 1-4 cm in diameter. |[[NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]]

...um'''. It is in between the stomach and the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. The rest of the ventral mesentry degenerates. ...er from the ribcage and in contact with the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and diaphragm. The [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] opens

...flavin, is an '''[[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] water-soluble vitamin'''. Riboflavin is absorbed across the intestinal mucosa prim ...spects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p.469-475.</ref>. It is also an essential component of the enzyme glutathione redu

...a highly contagious disease of dogs caused by [[Canine Adenovirus 1]] (CAV-1). This virus is closely related to [[Canine Adenovirus 2]], which causes r ...uate antibody response is mounted, organs may be cleared of virus within 10-14 days, but urinary excretion can persist for up to nine months after an ac

The link between UV-light radiation and the development of melanocytic tumours, which is seen in Melanocytomas are frequently found on the '''head and forelimbs''' of middle-aged and older dogs. There may be a predilection for males.

...fatty acids into the circulation. '''Free fatty acids are oxidised in the liver to ketones''' that are used by many tissues as an energy source instead of In the liver, instead of being converted to triglycerides, free fatty acids are oxidised

Salmonellosis is NOT very common in the dog and cat, however, the horse is often a carrier. Stress may precipitate the ...is form of the disease is unusual in the very young and usually occurs post-weaning. This is around 6 to 9 months in calves and around 6 to 10 weeks in

* [[Adenocarcinoma|Adenocarcinoma]] - 70-80% of all canine gastric neoplasms Clinical signs may be mild or non-specific early on in the disease process.

...RC"/>. Cobalamin is primarily stored in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and freely excreted through the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy#Proximal Tu ...ion Glossary#Cofactor|cofactors]] required for reactions involved in single-carbon transfer and [[Fatty Acids Overview - Nutrition|fatty acid]] metaboli

...T4, is formed by the deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues such as the liver, kidney and adipose tissues. Interruptions at any stage in this process may ...ic thyroiditis may occur concurrently with other immune-mediated endocrine diseases such as lymphocytic parathyroiditis or [[Hypoadrenocorticism|Addison's dise

...e potent, with tendency to accumulate in the liver and a long half life (4-6 days) owing to high levels of plasma protein binding^{2, 3}. These ...n K is always required for the production of new II, VII, IX, and X in the liver and levels are tightly regulated. It is therefore essential that vitamin K

...in chronic toxoplasmosis is not fully understood, but may be related to low-level tachyzoite replication, or intermittent antigenaemia and parasitemia<s ...ng hepatitis, myocardidits, non-suppurative encephalits and uveitis on post-mortem examination<Sup>1</sup>.

...yperlipaemia - Horse|horses]], [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|donkeys]], [[Fatty Liver Syndrome|cattle]] and [[Pregnancy Toxaemia|sheep]] when they are exposed to ...dietary proteins''' and other nutrients, which reduces the capacity of the liver to produce lipid transport (apolipo-)proteins and to metabolise fat. Recogn

...'''systemic venous system''', bypassing the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. ...rth, a PSS develops. However, in the normal animal, there are numerous non-functional connections between the two systems that may open if the pressure

[[Image:Mitotane therapy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center><b>Post-Mitotane Therapy</b>. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]] ...common disease of adrenal hyperfunction that is seen most commonly in the dog. There are three known causes of the adrenal hyperfunction: dysfunction of

...promoting the uptake and destruction of platelets by cells of the monocyte-phagocyte system (MPS). The destruction of platelets usually results in seve ...P that occurs concurrently with [[Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia|immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia]] (IMHA) is known as '''Evan’s syndrome'''.

...- A well organised pattern of slow growth, no metastasis, they are of the B-lymphocyte type ...te''' - [[T cells|T-cell]], [[B cells|B-cell]] or [[Natural Killer cells|NK-cell]]

...aemia (IMHA) is the result of a [[Type II Hypersensitivity|type II antibody-mediated immune response]] directed against molecules expressed on the surfa ...e numbers of red blood cells into aggregates, a phenomenon known as '''auto-agglutination'''.

...06:217–25.</ref><ref>Campbell S, Trettien A, Kozan B. A noncomparative open-label study evaluating the effect of selegiline hydrochloride in a clinical ...ld, neurones in the caudate nucleus start to show functional changes by six-seven years of age<ref>Levine MS, Lloyd RL, Fisher RS, Hull CD, Buchwald NA.

...ffects, and therefore clinical signs. A slow accumulation is initially well-tolerated, but can eventually lead to increased pressure causing compression ...effusions are the second most common cause of pericardial effusion in the dog. Effusions are usually '''haemorrhagic''' and the cause is unknown. One stu

...monly to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Other sites of metastasis include the liver, kidneys, peritoneal cavity, omentum and lungs. Intestinal adenocarcinomas ...e aged to older animals. The mean age of occurrence is 6 to 9 years in the dog, and 10 to 12 years in the cat. There appears to be a predisposition in mal

...theses and [[Haemorrhage#Purpura|purpura]] may be a feature of a number of diseases of different aetiology (poisoning, septicaemia or neoplastic disease). *Often sub-cutaneous.

...dramatic than a [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus|displaced stomach in the dog]], and develops chronically, although abomasal volvulus is a comparable con ...Physiology|lactation]], although this association is less strong for right-sided displacements and cases of abomasal volvulus. Sometimes displacement d

...rol, which is abundant in the cells. The '''adrenal cortex''' represents 80-90% of the adrenal gland. ...ullary cells secrete catecholamines. The adrenal medulla represents only 10-20% of the adrenal gland.

|sublink1=Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |subtext1=Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

...d as either '''glycerol''' (e.g. triglycerides and phospholipids) or '''non-glycerol substances''' (e.g. waxes and cholesterol). Glycerol is a chain of ...n of trans fatty acids, which chemically align like saturated fats. Partial-hydrogenation of fats and fatty acids is not used in pet food production.

...type 1. There is a failure to produce insulin. This can be caused by islet-specific amyloidosis or chronic pancreatitis leading to β cell destruction. ...y & Physiology|stomach]]. The accessory duct is the bigger duct and opens 3-5cm further distally to the pancreatic duct. The two ducts communicate insid

...cess ('''idiopathic''') but it occurs commonly with a number of intestinal diseases ('''secondary'''). The term 'antibiotic responsive diarrhoea' has replaced ...n 16 German shepherd dogs.''' ''J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 Apr 15;204(8):1201-6.''</ref>. Different samples from the same animal also gave very different

...Free Virtual Interactive Hub: https://thevetexhibition.com/stand/nationwide-labs Rita Figueiredo-Ornelas LMV MRCVS

...val, and breed distribution.''' ''J Vet Intern Med. 2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):1209-16.''</ref>. ...s Mellitus Type IV hypersensitivity.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Diabetes Mellitus-Brian Catchpole RVC 2008]]

...owever, it is more highly branched with shorter branches (branches every 12-18 glucose residues). ...it breaks bonds in the middle of the polymer to produce di-, tri- and oligo-saccharides).'' α-Amylase is present in [[Salivary Glands - Anatomy & Physi

** The tumours that occur in the veterinary species are spontaneous, naturally-occurring states. ** Naturally-occurring neoplasia is most common in mature/ geriatric animals.

**Slit-like, high openings in horses **Diverticulum of the eustachian tube with a thin slit-like opening at the rostroventral aspect into the pharynx.

...lts in transplacental transmission⁴. The potential role of blood-sucking insects, such as fleas, in spreading infection is unknown<sup>2</sup It is clearly possible that horizontal transmission can occur within multi-cat households, but in some households only a single cat in a group may be F

Many diseases in small animal medicine concern poor husbandry, so it is vital to be well ...o that the rabbit's foot cannot slip through the wire; also offer solid non-slip surface to provide rest off the mesh and prevent foot problems.