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*[[Guinea Pig Haematology|Guinea Pig Haematology]] *[[Hamster Haematology|Hamster Haematology]]

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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

Eosinopaenia refers to a reduction in the normal number of circulating blood [[Eosinophil|eosinophils]]. It ocurs most comm [[Category:Haematology Changes]][[Category:Expert Review]]

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*'''For more information on the normal anatomy of the eye, see''' [[Snake Eye]]. ...systemic disease so collection of blood for [[Lizard and Snake Haematology|haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]] is advisable.

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...uarantine period and at regular intervals. Quarantine allows you to record normal patterns of eating, defaecating, weight gain and behaviour for each individ *[[Lizard and Snake Haematology|Haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]] to establish a minimum

A stress leucogram can be completely normal as part of the stress response. It is caused by endogenous release of Adre [[Category:Haematology Changes]]

...response to an antigen which leads to cell and tissue damage. It involves normal immune mechanisms directed towards harmless environmental antigens (ie. [[: It is important to note that these responses are part of normal immune defences- in the case of hypersensitivity however the keywords are '

...plasma and cells) is approximately 6% of the body weight of snakes and the normal PCV of a snake is about 0.20 to 0.30 l/l (20-30%). Blood cells form in the ...n be a problem due to lack of comprehensive reference material for reptile haematology, lack of standardised nomenclature for leucocytes, species variation, inapp

The cytoplasm of normal heterophils appears '''colourless''' and contains '''eosinophilic granules' ...a''', '''non-segmented nuclei''' and '''immature granules''' compared with normal, mature heterophils.

It also occurs in normal rabbits that are '''improperly handled''' without controlling the hindquart The rabbit will be '''alert and responsive''' with a normal mentation and '''normal forelimbs'''.

*In '''premature''' or '''dysmature equine neonates''', the normal neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio of approximately 2: 1 may be reversed to produ [[Category:Haematology Changes]][[Category:Expert Review]][[Category:Bullet Points]]

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!bgcolor="#A7C1F2"|Normal Ranges [[Category:Haematology Reference Ranges]]

...due to myelofibrosis or to the growth of tumours that replace or displace normal [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]. The most common type o [[Category:Haematology Changes]]

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|pagetitle =Normal Values ...ematology, biochemistry and physiological parameters. Parameters given for haematology and biochemistry are a guide - a definitive reference range will be specifi

==Haematology== ...eral excision there is a risk of recurrence (even if the other gland looks normal) and with bilateral excision there is a risk of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidi

...creased, while serum erythropoietin (EPO) activity typically is low or low-normal. '''Secondary erythrocytosis''', in contrast, generally develops from exces ...gs with mild erythrocytosis attributed to splenic contraction usually have normal PCV on subsequent blood samples collected less stressfully. Sighthounds (eg

*'''For information on normal snake anatomy, [[:Category:Snake Anatomy|see here]].''' ...define the aetiology because of the radiographic appearance. Additionally, haematology and biochemistry, fine needle aspiration, contrast radiography, ultrasonogr

...the actual number of red blood cells, anaemic animals may appear to have a normal or even increased PCV if they also become dehydrated. An example of this p [[Category:Haematology Changes]]

===Haematology and Biochemistry=== Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionat

|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Mean corpuscular haematology:''' ...ukaemia. Eosinopaenia is hard to evaluate as the numbers of eosinophils in normal donkeys are low.

Baseline [[Lizard and Snake Haemotology|haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]] values of 'normals' mu ==Normal haematology & plasma biochemistry values in the [[Green Iguana|green iguana]] (''Iguana

...idal responses. Bleeding tendencies are due to the absence in platelets of normal dense granules. [[Category:Haematology|7]]

!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Haematology |A normal sample is required for comparison

====Haematology==== ...erase (ALT), Normally to slightly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Normal to slightly increased total bilirubin concentration

Haematology: :'''Low PCV''' (normal 46-61%)

...with a lymphocytosis. The white blood cell count is variable, ranging from normal (immune system depression) to as high as 100,000. The leucocytes may show t

Reticulocytes are immature RBCs released from normal bone marrow in increased numbers in response to anaemia. Although the nucle [[Category:Haematology|1]]

...o not display any clinical signs and unapparent carriers may be clinically normal. Additionally, haematology may reveal a moderate to marked [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemia

The normal packed cell volume of a snake ranges between 20% and 30%. The blood volume ...reptile blood, see the relevant section on [[Lizard and Snake Haemotology|haematology]] or [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]].'''

...x (testing optic nerve function) and facial nerve function are found to be normal. * Aside from the normal history, there are several very important questions to be asked:

...Imaging|radiography]] may reveal fractures, [[Lizard and Snake Haematology|haematology]] may indicate an infectious cause, and serology may identify [[Ophidian Pa *'''Behavioural''' - Aggressive behaviour may be normal in some species such as [[Anaconda|anacondas]]. However, aggression in larg

...cortisol concentration''' can be measured but there is a wide variation in normal values and it is not useful in diagnosing the condition. ...a small degree of suppression in cortisol levels, but not to the level of normal horses, and levels also rebound more quickly.

...blood indicates that there is an intense need for neutrophils to maintain normal blood levels as they are lost in a purulent process somewhere in the body. [[Category:Haematology Changes]]

Haematology: Ultrasonographically, liver may be normal or non specific changes in echogenecity may be seen in early stages of the

...nt and should be monitored 2-3 times a day. Potassium and phosphate may be normal or elevated on admission, but drop rapidly once therapy is initiated. <u>Haematology findings</u>:

...sis''' refers to an increase in the blood platelet concentration above the normal level. ...caused by an artefact of sampling where platelet clumps have formed. The normal blood platelet concentration of the dog is 175-500x10^9; a tendency to blee

...ladder is resistant to bacterial infection, but anything that disrupts the normal passage of urine can damage and lead to irritation of the bladder wall lini ...w clumps of [[lymphocytes]] just beneath the epithelial layer which may be normal or ulcerated.

It is recommended that total T4 (TT4), haematology and biochemistry are assessed 2-3 weeks after starting therapy or any dose ...nitored every 6-12 months in dogs, hepatotoxicity is not reported in cats. Haematology may also be monitored, due to the potential for cytopaenias to occur as an

'''Thoracic radiographs''': Findings range from normal to increased bronchial and/or increased bronchial and interstitial patterns '''Haematology''' may reveal increased numbers of circulating [[eosinophils]].

====Haematology==== ...s are thought to have effects on both the intestinal immune system and the normal enteric flora.

...(Copyright © RVC)]][[Image:Kidney.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Histology of a normal iguana kidney. Note the clearly distinct cells of the glomerulus''' (Copyri *[[Lizard and Snake Haemotology|Haematology]] - elevated PCV if dehydrated, sometimes increased white cell count with h

The animal should be walked or observed to walk on a non-slippery surface. A normal gait requires the '''integration of proprioceptive and motor systems'''. Th ...deficit in conscious proprioception, but a failure to return the paw to a normal position may also be caused by a LMN denervation of the digit extensors or

...faecal examination, microbiology, cytology, [[Lizard and Snake Haematology|haematology]] and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]], [[Lizard and Snake Im ...opsies is often essential for diagnosis. Samples taken should include both normal and abnormal tissue. The same procedure is used for collection of tissues f

====Haematology==== ...changes to intestinal wall structure, including thickening without loss of normal layers (as with inflammatory bowel disease), thickening with loss of layers

On haematology a [[Neutrophilia|neutrophilia]] will be present with a left shift. ...a high cell count will be evident. These parameters however will return to normal once the infection has already been walled off into an abscess.

== Haematology general comments and selected techniques == ...mine the quantity and quality of blood cells. It is usually performed on a haematology analyser, either a large commercial analyser used by an external diagnostic

==Haematology References== Harvey J Wt. (2012) Veterinary Haematology: A Diagnostic Guide and Colour Atlas

...name="Schalm"> Weiss, D and Wardrop, K (eds) (2010) '''Schalm's Veterinary Haematology, Sixth edition''' Wiley-Blackwell p. 134</ref> ...e radicals such as hydrogen peroxide. These substances are generated under normal physiologic conditions and there are enzyme mechanisms to prevent damage to

* The body's energy utilisation can increase to around 250% of the normal value during a generalised seizure. ** Haematology

===Haematology=== ...ve thickened mucosa and edges. Any biopsies should be taken at the edge of normal and diseased tissue to avoid further deepening or perforation.

...is is therefore less closely associated with obesity and it may be seen in normal or even thin cats. In dogs, this secondary lipid accumulation rarely contri ==== Haematology ====

...and reproductive abnormalities. When thyroid disease is suspected routine haematology and biochemistry screens are recommended to eliminate other conditions whic ...d be withdrawn for 4-6 weeks prior to testing, but as noted above a valid ‘normal’ result could be obtained at any point prior to this.

...eria or a heavy bacterial load increase the risk of cardiac infection, and normal valves can be invaded by virulent bacteria. Bacteremia is essential for the ::Haematology - [[Neutrophilia]], left shift, monocytosis, [[thrombocytopaenia]] and prol

...vely as cats become euthyroid, but mild elevations can persist. Monitoring haematology is also indicated given the potential for adverse reactions.

'''Haematology and biochemistry''' may reveal: anaemia with or without a positive direct [ ...[[leishmaniasis]]. It is important to record the titre and compare it with normal values for the same laboratory.

Treatment involves restoring serum calcium levels back to normal as soon as possible, to avoid complications such as nerve and muscle damage '''Haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis '''

...en have unusual or individual preferences, so establish from the owner the normal feed and routine, as well as any likes or dislikes. Check if the donkey is ...ts weight. When the donkey has settled, take a blood sample for routine '''haematology and biochemistry'''. This is particularly important if the donkey is admitt

Normally, [[Normal Mechanisms of Haemostatic Control|haemostastis]] is maintained by three key ...igh-power field represents 15,000 platelets per microlitre². A "normal" platelet count therefore gives around 10-15 platelets per oil-immersion fi

...sphere and passing them to the [[Snake Special Senses|Jacobson's organ]]. Normal movement should be observed although allowances must be made for any chilli ...function are assessed by observing the snake's reaction to movement and by normal and co-ordinated eye movements. Strabismus may indicated dysfunction. Bul

Routine haematology and biochemistry are usually within normal limits, and there is little evidence to support the use of serum and intrad ...with eosinophilic pneumonitis, fungal pneumonia, or lungworm infestation. Normal horses have fewer than 10% neutrophils in BALF. Cytology of bronchoalveolar

...an also demonstrate mites microscopically. As mites are often residents in normal skin, detecting mites on a skin scrape may not always provide a definitive Haematology and Biochemistry may be useful in identifying an underlying cause in adult

...umscribed mass''' that may be hyperaemic, alopecic, ulcerated or look like normal skin. They may also appear as a '''poorly-defined, soft, fluctuant lesion'' '''Complete haematology and biochemistry''', urinalysis and faecal occult blood test should be perf

...Diagnosis requires demonstration of absolute increased red cell mass with normal Pa02 and decreased serum erythropoietin.'' ...and bone marrow. Lymphocytosis (6-200 x109/l) is consistently present with normal lymphocyte morphology.

====Haematology==== ...omach. The pH in affected animals will be persistently lower than that of normal animals.

...th cats and dogs as a sequel to any disease or lesion that interferes with normal defecation: faecal retention causes dilatation of the colon and impairs col After megacolon has persisted for several months, it is unlikely that normal colonic motility will be restored after resolution of the underlying cause.

...d during the third trimester are less severely affected and tend to appear normal at birth. However, signs may develop months to years later, and can include Changes in routine haematology and biochemistry may be seen in acute toxoplasmosis. These can include a mi

====Haematology==== ...concentration may also be elevated as the kidneys receive less oxygen than normal causing a pre-renal azotaemia. A similar process of tissue hypoxia may also

...ontinuing haemorrhage should be suspected. PCV should have returned to low normal by 2 weeks following a single episode of haemorrhage. Increased blood urea nitrogen with normal serum creatinine can be seen with gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

..., it was found that there was a large overlap in bacterial numbers between normal dogs and those with ARD, suggesting that the syndrome resulted either from ...11;158(10):334-41.''</ref>. Since German shepherd dogs were found to have normal numbers of IgA positive plasma cells in the GALT<ref>German AJ, Hall EJ, Da

'''Is there a statistical chance this is normal?''' [[Category:Haematology|3]]

...ulse quality varies excessively with respiration). During inspiration, the normal negative thoracic pressure is transmitted to the pericardium and right atri ''Haematology'':

...r>The prevalence of the disease in fat and obese animals is higher than in normal and thin animals, due to higher body fat reserves and to increased insulin [[Image:Normal liver donkey.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<small><center>Normal liver (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donke

* Further investigation through haematology, biochemistry or imaging techniques, as required. ...ith chronic diarrhoea. However, the choice of location will still fit with normal defecation.

...ic dermatitis as IgE levels do not significantly differ between atopic and normal animals². IgE levels are also influenced by the presence of para Several factors exist that in normal dogs may by insufficient to cause pruritus. However, when these occur at th

===Haematology=== ...operitoneum''') due to intestinal perforation or bacterial production. The normal serosal detail may be effaced due to the presence of an abdominal effusion

...are revealed by routine haematology and biochemsitry. The haemogram may be normal, or anaemia, lymphopenia or neutropenia can be seen, related to the direct ...rses of antimicrobials are often required in FIV positive cats compared to normal animals. Higher doses may also be necessary^{4, 5}. Antibiotics use

...e caused by the larval stages of the parasites, then the epg may be within normal limits whilst resultant disease is present. * '''Haematology''': red blood cell count, serum protein level

...e caused by the larval stages of the parasites, then the epg may be within normal limits whilst resultant disease is present. * '''Haematology''': red blood cell count, serum protein level

...telline and cardinal systems after birth, a PSS develops. However, in the normal animal, there are numerous non-functional connections between the two syste ...ocytosis, bacteremia, and portal vein partial oxygen tension in clinically normal dogs and dogs with portosystemic shunts.''' ''J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 Sep

Routine haematology reveals an anaemia due to loss of whole blood. Because time is required for ...vitamin K epoxide reductase antagonism, these measures are usually within normal limits.

...ia and [[icterus]], and [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]] may cause low to low normal serum calcium. A mild proteinuria and bilirubinuria are often revealed by u

::Well differentiated (lymphocytic) - The malignant cells represent normal lymphocytes, although in excessive numbers. ::Diffuse - Result in effacement of normal lymphoid architecture by a very homogeneous population of lymphoid cells.

The ECG of infected dogs is usually normal. Right ventricular hypertrophy patterns may be seen in chronic ,severe pulm ...and urinalysis''' should be performed. Most parameters are usually within normal limits, but an anaemia can often be seen. Eosinophilia and basophilia are a